758 research outputs found
Research on intergenerational transmission of Chinese residentsâ income: Based on data from ten surveys of Chinese Family Tracking Survey from 1989 to 2015
This article uses the rank-ordered probit estimation method and
data from the 10 Chinese Family Tracking Survey from 1989 to
2015 to systematically study how the family background, especially the parental income, of urban and rural residents in China
since its opening affects the intergenerational transmission of
income and income inequality. The results show the following: âč
The higher the income of parents is, the higher the income of
their offspring. When parents are middle income or above, the
probability of their children earning an upper-middle or high
income increases significantly. âș Although the income of mothers
is low, its impact on childrenâs income is greater than that of the
fatherâs income. If the motherâs income is middle, upper-middle,
or high income, it will increase the probability of her children
earning a high income by 12.17%, 28.16% and 45.90%, respectively, while the corresponding influence from the fatherâs income
is 9.62%, 20.69% and 43.82%. fi For children, the degree of intergenerational income inequality is greater for women than for
men, and it is higher in cities than in rural areas. fl The intergenerational transmission of income is persistent across multiple generations, but the transmission from parents is much higher than
from grandparents. It is also difficult for the offspring of a lowerincome couple to obtain a higher income. These conclusions are
robust to examining different samples and examining the predicted impact of various measures of family background on the
income of offspring. Based on the results, this article puts forward
policy recommendations to improve intergenerational income
consolidation and reduce income inequality
Race, Ethnicity, and NIH Research Awards
This is the authorâs version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science on 2011 August 19; 333(6045): 1015â1019., DOI: 10.1126/science.1196783.We investigated the association between a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 applicantâs self-identified race or ethnicity and the probability of receiving an award by using data from the NIH IMPAC II grant database, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, and other sources. Although proposals with strong priority scores were equally likely to be funded regardless of race, we find that Asians are 4 percentage points and black or African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. After controlling for the applicantâs educational background, country of origin, training, previous research awards, publication record, and employer characteristics, we find that black or African-American applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding. Our results suggest some leverage points for policy intervention
Race, Ethnicity, and NIH Research Awards
This is the author's accepted manuscript. The original is available at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/1015.We investigated the association between a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 applicantâs self-identified race or ethnicity and the probability of receiving an award by using data from the NIH IMPAC II grant database, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, and other sources. Although proposals with strong priority scores were equally likely to be funded regardless of race, we find that Asians are 4 percentage points and black or African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. After controlling for the applicantâs educational background, country of origin, training, previous research awards, publication record, and employer characteristics, we find that black or African-American applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding. Our results suggest some leverage points for policy intervention
Race, Ethnicity, and NIH Research Awards
We investigated the association between a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 applicantâs self-identified race or ethnicity and the probability of receiving an award by using data from the NIH IMPAC II grant database, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, and other sources. Although proposals with strong priority scores were equally likely to be funded regardless of race, we find that Asians are 4 percentage points and black or African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. After controlling for the applicantâs educational background, country of origin, training, previous research awards, publication record, and employer characteristics, we find that black applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding. Our results suggest some leverage points for policy intervention
Diversity in Academic Biomedicine: An Evaluation of Education and Career Outcomes with Implications for Policy
Currently, the U.S. population is undergoing major racial and ethnic demographic shifts that could affect the pool of individuals interested in pursuing a career in biomedical research. To achieve its mission of improving health, the National Institutes of Health must recruit and train outstanding individuals for the biomedical workforce. In this study, we examined the educational transition rates in the biomedical sciences by gender, race, and ethnicity, from high school to academic career outcomes. Using a number of educational databases, we investigated gender and racial/ethnic representation at typical educational and career milestones en route to faculty careers in biomedicine. We then employed multivariate regression methods to examine faculty career outcomes, using the National Science Foundationâs Survey of Doctorate Recipients. We find that while transitions between milestones are distinctive by gender and race/ethnicity, the transitions between high school and college and between college and graduate school are critical points at which underrepresented minorities are lost from the biomedical pipeline, suggesting some specific targets for policy intervention
Individual and Collective Contributions of Chaperoning and Degradation to Protein Homeostasis in E. coli
SummaryThe folding fate of a protein in vivo is determined by the interplay between a proteinâs folding energy landscape and the actions of the proteostasis network, including molecular chaperones and degradation enzymes. The mechanisms of individual components of the E. coli proteostasis network have been studied extensively, but much less is known about how they function as a system. We used an integrated experimental and computational approach to quantitatively analyze the folding outcomes (native folding versus aggregation versus degradation) of three test proteins biosynthesized in E. coli under a variety of conditions. Overexpression of the entire proteostasis network benefited all three test proteins, but the effect of upregulating individual chaperones or the major degradation enzyme, Lon, varied for proteins with different biophysical properties. In sum, the impact of the E. coli proteostasis network is a consequence of concerted action by the Hsp70 system (DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE), the Hsp60 system (GroEL/GroES), and Lon
Microstructure development of BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films deposited by pulsed laser deposition on platinum substrates
BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films around the morphotropic phase boundary were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on polycrystalline Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si substrates. X-ray analysis confirms that 0.6BiFeO3-0.4PbTiO3 films are (0 0 1) tetragonal preferentially orientated due to lattice matching with the underlying substrate. The misfit strain at the substrate-film interface is relieved by a âŒ19% orientation transformation from (0 0 1) to (1 0 0) due to the lattice mismatch at the substrate-film interface and the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate and deposited film. 0.7BiFeO3-0. 3PbTiO3 films are mixed-phase rhombohedral-tetragonal with (0 0 1)/(1 1 1) preferential orientation due to the lattice match to the (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) of the underlying platinum as well as to being close to the morphotropic phase boundary. Inconsistent structural and electrical properties in reported BiFeO3-PbTiO3 films are explained in terms of film morphology and diffusion of bismuth into platinum. Films below âŒ220 nm thickness produce short circuits due to a Volmer-Weber growth mechanism which results in physical defects within the films. Films above this critical thickness also produce variable electrical properties due to diffusion of bismuth into the underlying platinum electrode which has been confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Synthesis, Characterisation, and Preliminary In Vitro Studies of Vanadium(IV) Complexes with a Schiff Base and Thiosemicarbazones as Mixed Ligands
[VO(salâLâtryp)(H2O)] (1, salâLâtryp = NâsalicylideneâLâtryptophanate) was used as a precursor to produce the new complexes [VO(salâLâtryp)(MeATSC)]·1.5C2H5OH [2, MeATSC = 9âAnthraldehydeâN(4)âmethylthiosemicarbazone], [VO(salâLâtryp)(Nâethhymethohcarbthio)]·H2O [3, Nâethhymethohcarbthio = (E)âNâethylâ2â(4âhydroxyâ3âmethoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide] and [VO(salâLâtryp)(acetylethTSC)]·C2H5OH {4, acetylethTSC = (E)âNâethylâ2â[1â(thiazolâ2âyl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide} by reaction with the respective thiosemicarbazone. The chemical and structural properties of these ligands and complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, ESIâMS, FTIR, UV/Vis, ESR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and Xâray crystallography. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and [D6]DMSO solutions of 1â4 were oxidised in air to produce vanadium(V) species, which were verified by ESIâMS and 51V NMR spectroscopy. The anticancer properties of 2â4 were examined with three colon cancer cell lines, HTCâ116, Cacoâ2 and HTâ29, and noncancerous colonic myofibroblasts, CCD18âCo. Compounds 2â3 exhibited less inhibitory effects in the CCDâ18Co cells, which indicates a possible cytotoxic selectivity towards colon cancer cells. In general, compounds that exhibit antiproliferative activity to cancer cells but do not affect noncancerous cells may have a potential in chemotherapy
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SEIS: Insight's Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars.
By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars' surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking's Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ⌠2500 at 1 Hz and ⌠200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars' surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ⌠3 at 40 â epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
MSK-Mediated Phosphorylation of Histone H3 Ser28 Couples MAPK Signalling with Early Gene Induction and Cardiac Hypertrophy
Heart failure is a leading cause of death that develops subsequent to deleterious hypertrophic cardiac remodelling. MAPK pathways play a key role in coordinating the induction of gene expression during hypertrophy. Induction of the immediate early gene (IEG) response including activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex factors is a necessary and early event in this process. How MAPK and IEG expression are coupled during cardiac hypertrophy is not resolved. Here, in vitro, in rodent models and in human samples, we demonstrate that MAPK-stimulated IEG induction depends on the mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK) and its phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 28 (pH3S28). pH3S28 in IEG promoters in turn recruits Brg1, a BAF60 ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex component, initiating gene expression. Without MSK activity and IEG induction, the hypertrophic response is suppressed. These studies provide new mechanistic insights into the role of MAPK pathways in signalling to the epigenome and regulation of gene expression during cardiac hypertrophy
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