A Survey of Fast Scalar Multiplication on Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Lightweight Embedded Devices

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is one of the most famous asymmetric cryptographic schemes which offers the same level of security with much shorter keys than the other widely used asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA). In ECC, the main and most heavily used operation is the scalar multiplication kP, where the scalar value k is a private integer and must be secured. Various methods for fast scalar multiplication are based on the binary/ternary representation of the scalar. In this chapter, we present various methods to make fast scalar multiplication on ECC over prime field for lightweight embedded devices like wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT)

Fast Scalar Multiplication on Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Selected Intervals Suitable For Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienceIn Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), providing a robust security mechanism with limited energy resources is very challenging because of sensor node's limited resources (computation, bandwidth, memory). Asymmetric-key can fulfill the requirement, but if the number of nodes is large, symmetric-key cryptography is the best natural method because of its scalability. Asymmetric-key cryptography is power-hungry; nevertheless, Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems (ECC) are feasible and more flexible for sensor nodes. Scalar multiplication is the most widely used operation on ECC. Various methods for fast scalar multiplication exist, but they are based on the binary/ternary representation of the scalar. In this paper, we present a novel technique to make fast scalar multiplication on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems over prime field for light-weight embedded devices like sensor nodes. Our method significantly reduces the computation of scalar multiplication by an equivalent representation of points based on point order in a given interval. Since our technique can act as a support for most existing methods, after an analytical and efficiency analysis, we implement and evaluate its performance in different scenari

Efficient authentication and cryptography algorithms for wirless sensor nerworks

Un réseau de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) est constitué d’un grand nombre de nœuds capteurs autonomes qui collaborent ensemble pour la surveillance d’une zone, d’une machine, d’une personne etc.. Dans certaines applications,les données critiques doivent être protégées contre toute utilisation frauduleuse et être accessibles en temps réel. Le besoin d’apporter une solution de sécurité fiable et adaptée paraît donc essentiel. Les solutions de sécurité utilisées dans les réseaux traditionnels ne sont pas directement applicables dans les RCSFs, car développer des primitives de sécurité en utilisant de faibles ressources devient un véritable défi. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des solutions nouvelles peu gourmandes en ressources qui tiennent compte des faibles capacités de défense d’un réseau autonome. Dans cette optique nous appliquons des mécanismes cryptographiques bas´es sur les fonctions de hachage et les courbes elliptiques. Un focus sur différents mécanismes de sécurité peu gourmands en ressources nous permet la mise en évidence des rapports de forces entre les RCSFs et leurs vulnérabilités. Notre première contribution vise `a améliorer la sécurité et les performances en termes d’´énergie sur des protocoles d’authentification existants tout en utilisant les mêmes mécanismes. Dans la deuxième contribution, on utilise le concept de probabilité de risque afin de déterminer la consommation énergétique dans différentes architectures de déploiement. Dans la troisième contribution nous présentons un nouveau mécanisme d’accélération de la multiplication scalaire sur les courbes elliptiques définies dans des corps finis premiers. Ce mécanisme bas´e sur l’opposé et l’ordre d’un point, réduit le nombre d’opérations de points dans un intervalle donné, et présente en plus l’avantage de pouvoir être combiné avec les techniques existantes. Enfin dans notre dernière contribution, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’accélération du calcul des points résultants du partitionnement du scalaire qui introduisent des coûts additionnels de calcul et de stockage mémoire. Nous comparons différentes formules de points existantes en mettant en évidence leur efficacité.A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of sensor nodes which collaborate so as tomonitor environnement. For various WSNs’ applications, the collected data should be protected by preventingunauthorized users from gaining the information. The need to find a reliable and adaptive security solution isvery important. Most current standard security protocols designed for traditional networks cannot be applieddirectly in WSN. For this reason, providing a variety of security functions with limited resources is a realchallenge. Our research work seeks to find secure efficient solutions that take into account the rather weakdefense of an autonomous network. In this way, we apply lightweight cryptography mechanisms based on hashfunction and elliptic curves. A focus on different security mechanisms and lightweight security algorithms canhighlight the strength ratio between WSNs and their vulnerabilities. Our first contribution is on a secure energyefficient solution, it uses the same mechanism and aims to enhance the security weaknesses of existing solutions.The second contribution uses the concept of probability risk analysis to show to which level the proposedsolution justifies the better energy consumption for a given network architecture. In the third contribution, wepresent a new technique to accelerate scalar multiplication on elliptic curves cryptography over prime field forlight-weight embedded devices like sensor nodes. Our method reduces the computation of scalar multiplicationby an equivalent representation of points based on point order in a given interval and can also act as a supportfor most existing methods. Finally our last contribution presents a fast pre-computation algorithm in a parallelscalar multiplication to avoid the storage of pre-computation points which requires extra memory. We alsoprovide a comparison of different formulas so as to find out their efficiency

Algorithmes d'authentification et de cryptographie efficaces pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fil

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of sensor nodes which collaborate so as tomonitor environnement. For various WSNs’ applications, the collected data should be protected by preventingunauthorized users from gaining the information. The need to find a reliable and adaptive security solution isvery important. Most current standard security protocols designed for traditional networks cannot be applieddirectly in WSN. For this reason, providing a variety of security functions with limited resources is a realchallenge. Our research work seeks to find secure efficient solutions that take into account the rather weakdefense of an autonomous network. In this way, we apply lightweight cryptography mechanisms based on hashfunction and elliptic curves. A focus on different security mechanisms and lightweight security algorithms canhighlight the strength ratio between WSNs and their vulnerabilities. Our first contribution is on a secure energyefficient solution, it uses the same mechanism and aims to enhance the security weaknesses of existing solutions.The second contribution uses the concept of probability risk analysis to show to which level the proposedsolution justifies the better energy consumption for a given network architecture. In the third contribution, wepresent a new technique to accelerate scalar multiplication on elliptic curves cryptography over prime field forlight-weight embedded devices like sensor nodes. Our method reduces the computation of scalar multiplicationby an equivalent representation of points based on point order in a given interval and can also act as a supportfor most existing methods. Finally our last contribution presents a fast pre-computation algorithm in a parallelscalar multiplication to avoid the storage of pre-computation points which requires extra memory. We alsoprovide a comparison of different formulas so as to find out their efficiency.Un réseau de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) est constitué d’un grand nombre de nœuds capteurs autonomes qui collaborent ensemble pour la surveillance d’une zone, d’une machine, d’une personne etc.. Dans certaines applications,les données critiques doivent être protégées contre toute utilisation frauduleuse et être accessibles en temps réel. Le besoin d’apporter une solution de sécurité fiable et adaptée paraît donc essentiel. Les solutions de sécurité utilisées dans les réseaux traditionnels ne sont pas directement applicables dans les RCSFs, car développer des primitives de sécurité en utilisant de faibles ressources devient un véritable défi. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des solutions nouvelles peu gourmandes en ressources qui tiennent compte des faibles capacités de défense d’un réseau autonome. Dans cette optique nous appliquons des mécanismes cryptographiques bas´es sur les fonctions de hachage et les courbes elliptiques. Un focus sur différents mécanismes de sécurité peu gourmands en ressources nous permet la mise en évidence des rapports de forces entre les RCSFs et leurs vulnérabilités. Notre première contribution vise `a améliorer la sécurité et les performances en termes d’´énergie sur des protocoles d’authentification existants tout en utilisant les mêmes mécanismes. Dans la deuxième contribution, on utilise le concept de probabilité de risque afin de déterminer la consommation énergétique dans différentes architectures de déploiement. Dans la troisième contribution nous présentons un nouveau mécanisme d’accélération de la multiplication scalaire sur les courbes elliptiques définies dans des corps finis premiers. Ce mécanisme bas´e sur l’opposé et l’ordre d’un point, réduit le nombre d’opérations de points dans un intervalle donné, et présente en plus l’avantage de pouvoir être combiné avec les techniques existantes. Enfin dans notre dernière contribution, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’accélération du calcul des points résultants du partitionnement du scalaire qui introduisent des coûts additionnels de calcul et de stockage mémoire. Nous comparons différentes formules de points existantes en mettant en évidence leur efficacité

A User Authentication-Based Probabilistic Risk Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienceSensor nodes are low power devices which have limited computing resources. For various sensor network applications, providing a variety of security functions with limited energy resources and low power capabilities is a very big challenge. Recently, Vaidya et al. proposed an Improved Robust Dynamic User Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that allows legitimate users to query sensor data at every sensor node of the network. In this work, we show that, Vaidya et al.'s scheme suffers from the risk of forgery attacks and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. To cope with them, we propose a new solution which is quite adequate for power and resource constrained sensor networks. The proposed scheme not only retains all the advantages in Vaidya et al.'s scheme but also protects against DoS and forgery attacks. After an evaluation of the energy cost based on the computational complexity, we use in our implementation the probability risk analysis owing to the DoS attack model to show to which level the proposed solution justifies the better energy consumption for a given network architecture

Photocatalyzed (3+2) Cycloaddition for the Dearomatization of Electron‐Poor Arenes under Flow Conditions

International audienceAbstract The photocatalyzed dearomative reaction between various electron‐deficient aromatic compounds and a non‐stabilized azomethine ylide is successfully performed in a flow system. Whereas the use of supported eosin as organic photocatalyst exhibits limited efficiency, turning to the soluble Rose Bengal allows to transform a broad range of substrates from hetarenes (indole, benzofuran, quinoline, pyridine) to naphthalenes and benzenes. This photocatalyzed (3+2) dearomative cycloaddition under green light irradiation provides a simple and efficient access to tridimensional pyrrolidino scaffolds with a tetrasubstituted carbon center at ring junction and can be performed in the friendly ethyl acetate. Computational studies support the mechanism involving azomethine ylide as reactive species toward the electron‐poor arene

Don't walk away

Lyrical song in Englis

Xaar ma

Senegalese version of international release of the album of the same name, featuring Vivian in a duet with Youssou N'Dour, energetic tama playing,Sengalese percussion, balafon,n'goni, and including western style guitar, drum and keyboar

Red Clay

Fusion of Senegalese desert music and Western rhythm and blue

She doesn't need to fall

Fusion of Senegalese desert music and Western rhythm and blue