A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Psychological factors affecting mammography screening for breast cancer prevention using the theory of planned behavior

This research investigates the possibility of extending a social cognition model of behavior for the prediction of intention of mammography screening uptake. Specifically, the study was based on the theoretical background of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and proposed the addition of past behavior, perceived risk, optimism and temporal orientation. These factors have been found in the past to be associated with mammography screening as well as other preventive behaviors. The aim of the research was to study the effect of the additional factors on intention for mammography screening in an attempt to increase the predictive ability of TPB. The findings suggest that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, were strong predictors of intention to attend mammography screening. Past behaviour was also a strong predictor that seemed to affect intention, even after controlling for the effect of the TPB factors. The perceived risk seemed to have a small positive effect on intention but this effect was no longer significant when past behavior was included in the model. Similarly, the temporal dimension of positive past seemed to have a small positive effect on intention, when past behavior was incorporated into the model but this effect was no longer significant with the inclusion of TPB factors. The independent variables interpreted 56% of the variance of the intention to undergo mammography screening. The TPB was less effective in predicting actual mammography screening. Significant predictors of mammography uptake was the past behavior as well as the presence of cancer in family history. Taken together these findings confirm the strong effect of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control on the intention to implement mammography, and suggest that integration of past behavior in the models may increase the predictive ability of TPB.Η παρούσα έρευνα διερευνά την δυνατότητα επέκτασης ενός κοινωνιογνωστικού μοντέλου πρόβλεψης συμπεριφοράς στο πλαίσιο της πρόβλεψης της πρόθεσης για την εφαρμογή μαστογραφίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η έρευνα στηρίχθηκε στο θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της Θεωρία της Προσχεδιασμένης Συμπεριφοράς (ΘΠΣ) και πρότεινε την επέκταση της με την προσθήκη του παράγοντα της προηγούμενης συμπεριφοράς, του αντιληπτού κινδύνου, της αισιοδοξίας και του χρονικού προσανατολισμού, παράγοντες που έχουν βρεθεί στο παρελθόν να σχετίζονται με την εφαρμογή μαστογραφίας αλλά και με άλλες συμπεριφορές πρόληψης. Στόχος της έρευνας, ήταν η μελέτη της επίδρασης των επιπρόσθετων παραγόντων στην πρόθεση για μαστογραφία σε μια προσπάθεια αύξησης της προβλεπτικής ικανότητας της ΘΠΣ. Τα ευρήματα υποδεικνύουν πως η στάση, οι υποκειμενικοί κανόνες και ο αντιληπτός έλεγχος, πρόβλεψαν αποτελεσματικά την πρόθεση για την εφαρμογή μαστογραφίας, ενώ η προηγούμενη συμπεριφορά μαστογραφίας ήταν άμεσος προβλεπτικός παράγοντας της πρόθεσης ακόμα και μετά τον έλεγχο της επίδρασης των παραγόντων της ΘΠΣ. Ο αντιληπτός κίνδυνος φάνηκε να έχει μια μικρή θετική επίδραση στην πρόθεση η οποία όμως εξαλείφθηκε με την ένταξη της προηγούμενης συμπεριφοράς στο μοντέλο. Αντίστοιχα, η διάσταση του θετικού παρελθόντος του χρονικού προσανατολισμού, φάνηκε να έχει και αυτή μια μικρή θετική επίδραση στην πρόθεση, όταν στο μοντέλο εντάχθηκε η προηγούμενη συμπεριφορά, ωστόσο η επίδρασή της εξαλείφθηκε με την ένταξη των παραγόντων της ΘΠΣ. Το σύνολο των ανεξάρτητων μεταβλητών ερμήνευαν το 56% της διακύμανσης της πρόθεσης για την εφαρμογή μαστογραφίας. Η ΘΠΣ ήταν λιγότερο αποτελεσματική στην πρόβλεψη της εφαρμογής μαστογραφίας, όπου και εκεί σημαντικός παράγοντας πρόβλεψης ήταν η προηγούμενη συμπεριφορά αλλά και η ύπαρξη οικογενειακού ιστορικού. Στο σύνολό τους τα συγκεκριμένα ευρήματα επιβεβαιώνουν την ισχυρή επίδραση της στάσης, των υποκειμενικών κανόνων και του αντιληπτού ελέγχου στην πρόθεση για την εφαρμογή μαστογραφίας, ενώ υποδεικνύουν ότι η ένταξη του παράγοντα της προηγούμενης συμπεριφοράς αυξάνει την προβλεπτική ικανότητα της ΘΠΣ

Time to get happy: associations of time perspective with indicators of well-being

The present study examined associations of time perspective (TP) with indicators of well-being including satisfaction with life, anxiety and depression, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Adult participants (N = 413) completed a web-based questionnaire that included a short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Life satisfaction was more strongly associated with the present hedonistic dimension, suggesting that the tendency to take risks and to fulfil one's desires may lead to experiencing pleasure in a `seize the day' approach to life. The existence of depressive symptoms and elevated anxiety levels were associated with higher scores on the past present and the present fatalistic dimensions, suggesting that feeling hopeless, or dwelling on bad moments from the past may be largely related to feeling depressed and anxious. Considering the recently reported implications of TP in clinical and counseling settings, the present study contributes to the growing body of research that associates TP with mental health and psychological well-being

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the equivalence of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes

Time perspective profiles of cultures

This chapter summarises some results of the International Time Perspective Research Project, which is a collaborative cross-cultural study of time perspective carried out in 24 countries. The highlights of structural equivalence assessment study are presented, showing the cross-cultural invariance of 36 items of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scale. The associations between country-level ZTPI scores and other culture-level indicators, including the Human Development Index and Hofstede cultural dimensions, are presented and discussed. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, five distinct profiles of time perspective were found (future-oriented, present-oriented, balanced, moderately fatalistic, and negative), and significant differences in the prevalence of these profiles across cultures were found. Implications and perspectives for future research are discussed

A global look at time: a 24-country study of the Equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes