Optimization of Reaction Conditions in the Production of Gadolinium Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetate-Folate

A previous study has performed the laboratory-scale synthesis and characterization of Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-Folate. Some parameters associated with the synthesis have been defined. In current study was focused on establishment the parameters for scaling up the production of Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-Folate as a targeted MRI contrast agent. For the purpose of subsequent scaling up the synthesis, the parameters particularly those determining the yield of the reaction product should be established. This report presents the use of The Placket Burman Design and the Response Surface Methodology in establishing the parameters. Thus, following the Placket Burman Design, a number of synthesis reactions were carried out, each with different reaction conditions, with respect to parameters to include: mole ratio of reactants (i.e mole of Gd3+ to DTPA-Folate), time of reaction, temperature, stirring rate, pH and solvent volume. Using this method, a conclusion could be drawn that the three factors were found to be significant. To get final conclusions on the optimal synthesis reaction conditions, the Response Surface Methodology was then applied. For this purpose, again, some synthesis reactions experiments were performed. These were done, in accordance to the Response Surface Methodology, verified by analysis of countour plots, helped to locate the optimal value of the factors. The resulted data showed that for optimal yield of the synthesis reaction there were three dominant parameters. They were mole ratio of reactants, stirring rate process, and the volume of water

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika SD

This study aims to determine differences in learning outcomes of Mathematics of primary school students usingproblem based learning model. The type of research used is the meta-analysis of research that has been donebefore. This research uses quantitative synthesis method. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect ofusing problem based learning model on elementary mathematics subjects. Data collection in this research isdone by searching journal through google scholar. Keywords used for journal search are: improving the resultsof elementary mathematics learning, problem based learning. From the model of problem based learningselected 10 research results to be analyzed further in% form. Based on the results of the analysis of 10 researchresults, it can be concluded that the learning with Problem based learning model (PBL) can improve thelearning outcomes of learners learner. Increased learning outcomes from the lowest 5% to the highest 40%, withan average of 22.9%

Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: a case report from Malawi

Rhinosporidiosis is a rare chronic granulomatous disease, characterised by polypous lesions of the mucous membrane. Commonly affects the mucous membrane of the naso-pharynx, conjunctiva and palate. Its causative agent is Rhinosporidium seeberi. The disease is more prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, but remains quite rare in our environment. We hereby present a case description of a 70 year old native Malawian male with a polypoid nasal rhinosporidiosis. Patient presented with long standing history of nasal obstruction and intermittent epistaxis for three years. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination and he was successfully treated by complete surgical excision. This was a very unusual cause of nasal masses in our setting. Nasal rhinosporidioss lesions may largely mimic other ordinary nasal polyps, it is crucial therefore for clinicians in our region to consider rhinosporidiosis as a differential diagnosis when assessing patients presenting with nasal swellings.Key words: Rhinosporidiosis, polyps, nose, Malaw

Laryngeal mask airway insertion anaesthesia and insertion techniques

Laryngeal Mask Airway has gained wide acceptance for routine airway management, difficult airway and in emergency situations. The classical method of insertion was recommended by Dr Brain. Over the years various induction and insertion techniques have been described with variable results. Combination of induction agents with narcotics, with or without small dose muscle relaxants has been found to be very effective. There is less also lesser incidence of mucosal trauma with partially inflated cuff. Insertion with cuff facing laterally or backwards and rotating it forwards into position has also been described. A review of various options and their advantages and limitations is presented

Comparison of hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation with Macintosh and McCoy laryngoscopes

Background: Use of McCoy blade laryngoscope avoids the lifting force in the vallecula and theoretically should lead to a lower hemodynamic response related to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. The available literature on the topic is conflicting.MATERIALS AND Methods: We studied the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in 60 ASA 1 AND 2 adult patients using either Macintosh or McCoy laryngoscopes. The change in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate (HR) was observed for 10 min post intubation. Arrhythmias and ST changes were also observed.Results: The maximum change in HR was 18.7% in the Macintosh and 7.7% in the McCoy group, and in systolic arterial pressure was 22.9% in the Macintosh and 10.3% in the McCoy group. This difference between groups was significant (P \u3c 0.0001). The change lasted for a lesser duration in the McCoy group. No arrhythmias or ST changes were observed in either group.CONCLUSION: Hemodynamic changes with use of McCoy laryngoscope were lesser in magnitude and of shorter duration

Anesthetic deaths in a developing country

It is important to ascertain the contribution of anesthesia to perioperative mortality in order to enable improvement in the safety and quality of care. Scanty literature regarding anesthetic mortality from developing countries is available. We present data regarding anesthesia related mortality in a university hospital in a developing country. We reviewed all patient deaths occurring between 1992-2003 occurring within 24 hours of anesthesia, as part of departmental quality assurance activity. The aim of study was to identify any contributing factors associated with mortality, and to compare our data with similar studies from developed and developing countries. 111,289 cases were handled in this period. Within 24 hours the crude mortality was 35 (3.14: 10,000). 3 patients died at induction, 13 intraoperatively and one at emergence. In the postoperative period 18 (51%) cases of mortality occurred. In 4 (11%) cases anesthesia was found to be solely responsible (0.35 per 10,000), in 8 (23%) cases anesthesia was found to be partially responsible (0.7 per 10,000). In 23 patient disease and surgical factors played a primary role. In 10 (28.5%) cases deaths were considered to be avoidable. Two time periods were also compared. Between 1992-1998 anesthesia mortality was 0.68: 10,000 anesthetics, and from 1999-2003 it was 0.18: 10,000 Higher mortality was observed with advancing age, higher ASA status, emergency and complex surgical procedures. Human factor, human error, inadequate preoperative preparation, inappropriate postoperative care and lack of supervision were identified as preventable factors

The Effect of Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio and Return on Asset on Dividend Payout Ratio in Sub-sector Automotive and Component Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in Period 2012–2016

The aim of this research was to find the effect of current ratio, debt to equity ratio, and return on asset on dividend payout ratio in subsector automotive and component-listed Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2012–2016. The sample selection in this research is done using purposive sampling method and six companies that matched the criteria were chosen. The research data is obtained from Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis, and it was found that the more appropriate model to be used is a random effect. From the result of research got a value of adjusted R-Square equal to 68.69%. The result shows that debt to equity ratio and return on asset have a significant effect on dividend payout ratio with a regression coefficient equal to –0.065189 and 0.679691. However, the result of current ratio has no significant effect on the dividend payout ratio with a regression coefficient of 0.037200.     Keywords: dividend payout ratio, current ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on asset, automotive industr