The Problem Of Improving The Efficiency Of Public Administration In Modern Russia

The paper examines the problem of improving the efficiency of public administration in Russia. The urgency of raising the effectiveness of modern public administration in Russia is caused by a number of reasons. First, the relevance of the problem under consideration is determined by the worldwide trend of increasing the role of the state in the modern era. Secondly, inefficiency of the existing model of public administration: the use of outdated principles, methods and technologies of governance in the system of public authorities. Thirdly, there is no correspondence of state management to internal and external challenges. Fourth, the problem of the public administration effectiveness in Russia is exacerbated by the use of sanctions measures against the country. Fifth, assessment of management efficiency allows societyy to determine the quality of the activities of state institutions and the state apparatus to evaluate the results of its own activities. The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of improving the efficiency of public administration in Russia. Achieving this goal requires revealing the main problems and tasks for improving and reforming the state administration of Russia. As a methodological base of the research, the work includes the following approaches and methods: systemic and structural-functional approaches, sociological, dialectical and comparative methods, as well as analysis of conditions and factors affecting public administration in modern Russia. As a result of the research, we came to the following conclusions:1. An inefficient public administration model contributes to stagnation and a permanent crisis in the development of society and the state.2. The ineffectiveness of public administration does not contribute to the growth of Russia's competitiveness in the world.3. The competitiveness of Russian society and, first of all, the economy of the country is impossible without a corresponding competitive state policy. Contemporary competition policy in Russia is being reduced mainly to antitrust policy, the competition development strategy does not receive due attention from the authorities.4. A modern effective model of public administration should rely not only on basic values and management principles, but also take into account the realities of the information society that is emerging in Russia, and the formation of a knowledge society.5.Overcoming the stagnation and social withdrawal of the administrative apparatus by involving the public in the work of state administration bodies. The relationship between the Russian state and civil society built on a hierarchical principle needs to be transformed into a networked relationship with conversion from trusteeship to partnerships

Human alveolar progenitors generate dual lineage bronchioalveolar organoids

Mechanisms of epithelial renewal in the alveolar compartment remain incompletely understood. To this end, we aimed to characterize alveolar progenitors. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of the HTII-280+/EpCAM+ population from adult human lung revealed subclusters enriched for adult stem cell signature (ASCS) genes. We found that alveolar progenitors in organoid culture in vitro show phenotypic lineage plasticity as they can yield alveolar or bronchial cell-type progeny. The direction of the differentiation is dependent on the presence of the GSK-3β inhibitor, CHIR99021. By RNA-seq profiling of GSK-3β knockdown organoids we identified additional candidate target genes of the inhibitor, among others FOXM1 and EGF. This gives evidence of Wnt pathway independent regulatory mechanisms of alveolar specification. Following influenza A virus (IAV) infection organoids showed a similar response as lung tissue explants which confirms their suitability for studies of sequelae of pathogen-host interaction

Pneumolysin induced mitochondrial dysfunction leads to release of mitochondrial DNA

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn.) is the most common bacterial pathogen causing community acquired pneumonia. The pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY) is the major virulence factor of S.pn. and supposed to affect alveolar epithelial cells thereby activating the immune system by liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). To test this hypothesis, we established a novel live-cell imaging based assay to analyse mitochondrial function and associated release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as DAMP in real-time. We first revealed that bacterially released PLY caused significant changes of the cellular ATP homeostasis and led to morphologic alterations of mitochondria in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and, by use of spectral live-tissue imaging, in human alveoli. This was accompanied by strong mitochondrial calcium influx and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and mtDNA release without activation of intrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, our data indicate cellular mtDNA liberation via microvesicles, which may contribute to S.pn. related pro-inflammatory immune activation in the human alveolar compartment

Investigating the main sources of political acquisition in the student environment of the Republic of Tatarstan

This article is an analysis of data obtained during a sociological survey conducted by the authors in the spring of 2017 among the students of the Kazan Federal University. The purpose of the study was to expose the students’ preferences concerning the sources of obtaining political information. The topicality of the study is determined by a number of circumstances, such as: the need to engage young people in social and political relations, which is one of the most important aspects of the process of general socialization of young people in a democratic society; the problem of increasing the effectiveness of the process of political communication, which is of paramount importance in the run-up to the presidential elections of 2018 in Russia. In the created situation, it is the use of the scientific, in this case sociological, toolkit that is a necessary prerequisite for the formation of effective channels of political communication with student youth and, in general, increasing the political activity of this part of society. The attention of researchers was focused on the main trends in changing the channels for obtaining political information among the students, namely, the transformation of the Internet into the main channel of political communication and the reasons that led to this process. The results of the research show that now the Internet has become the main source of information in the student environment of the Republic of Tatarstan, but the interest in foreign and domestic political information is more situational in the student environment and is associated with specific political events

Oxyethylated Fluoresceine—(thia)calix[4]arene Conjugates: Synthesis and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Water–Organic Media

Fluorescent derivatives attract the attention of researchers for their use as sensors, photocatalysts and for the creation of functional materials. In order to create amphiphilic fluorescent derivatives of calixarenes, a fluorescein derivative containing oligoethylene glycol and propargyl groups was obtained. The resulting fluorescein derivative was introduced into three different (thia)calix[4]arene azide derivatives. For all synthesized compounds, the luminescence quantum yields have been established in different solvents. Using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, as well as transmission and confocal microscopy, aggregation of macrocycles was studied. It was evaluated that calixarene derivatives with alkyl substituents form spherical aggregates, while symmetrical tetrafluorescein-containing thiacalix[4]arene forms extended worm-like aggregates. The macrocycle containing tetradecyl fragments was found to be the most efficient in photoredox ipso-oxidation of phenylboronic acid. In addition, it was shown that in a number of different electron donors (NEt3, DABCO and iPr2EtN), the photoredox ipso-oxidation proceeds best with triethylamine. It has been shown that a low molecular weight surfactant Triton-X100 can also improve the photocatalytic abilities of an oligoethylene glycol fluorescein derivative, thus showing the importance of a combination of micellar and photoredox catalysis

Functional comparison of MERS-coronavirus lineages reveals increased replicative fitness of the recombinant lineage 5.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is enzootic in dromedary camels across the Middle East and Africa. Virus-induced pneumonia in humans results from animal contact, with a potential for limited onward transmission. Phenotypic changes have been suspected after a novel recombinant clade (lineage 5) caused large nosocomial outbreaks in Saudi Arabia and South Korea in 2016. However, there has been no functional assessment. Here we perform a comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo comparison of viruses from parental and recombinant virus lineages (lineage 3, n = 7; lineage 4, n = 8; lineage 5, n = 9 viruses) from Saudi Arabia, isolated immediately before and after the shift toward lineage 5. Replication of lineage 5 viruses is significantly increased. Transcriptional profiling finds reduced induction of immune genes IFNB1, CCL5, and IFNL1 in lung cells infected with lineage 5 strains. Phenotypic differences may be determined by IFN antagonism based on experiments using IFN receptor knock out and signaling inhibition. Additionally, lineage 5 is more resilient against IFN pre-treatment of Calu-3 cells (ca. 10-fold difference in replication). This phenotypic change associated with lineage 5 has remained undiscovered by viral sequence surveillance, but may be a relevant indicator of pandemic potential

New Calix[4]arene—Fluoresceine Conjugate by Click Approach—Synthesis and Preparation of Photocatalytically Active Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

New fluorescent systems for photocatalysis, sensors, labeling, etc., are in great demand. Amphiphilic ones are of special interest since they can form functional colloidal systems that can be used in aqueous solutions. A new macrocycle platform for click chemistry and its adduct with o-propargylfluoresceine was synthesized and characterized using modern physical techniques. Nanosized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) from the calixarene—fluoresceine adduct were synthesized through the solvent injection technique and well-characterized in the solution and in solid state using light-scattering and microscopy methods. The maximum fluorescence intensity of the SLNs was found to be in the pH range from 7 to 10. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency from SLNs to rhodamine 6g was found to be 97.8%. Finally, pure SLNs and the FRET system SLNs—Rh6G were tested in model photocatalytic ipso oxidative hydroxylation of phenylboronic acid under blue LED light. The SLNs—Rh6G system was found to be the best, giving an almost qualitative phenol yield, which was shown by HPLC-UV analysis

New Calix[4]arene—Fluoresceine Conjugate by Click Approach—Synthesis and Preparation of Photocatalytically Active Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

New fluorescent systems for photocatalysis, sensors, labeling, etc., are in great demand. Amphiphilic ones are of special interest since they can form functional colloidal systems that can be used in aqueous solutions. A new macrocycle platform for click chemistry and its adduct with o-propargylfluoresceine was synthesized and characterized using modern physical techniques. Nanosized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) from the calixarene—fluoresceine adduct were synthesized through the solvent injection technique and well-characterized in the solution and in solid state using light-scattering and microscopy methods. The maximum fluorescence intensity of the SLNs was found to be in the pH range from 7 to 10. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency from SLNs to rhodamine 6g was found to be 97.8%. Finally, pure SLNs and the FRET system SLNs—Rh6G were tested in model photocatalytic ipso oxidative hydroxylation of phenylboronic acid under blue LED light. The SLNs—Rh6G system was found to be the best, giving an almost qualitative phenol yield, which was shown by HPLC-UV analysis

State-of-the-art analytical methods of viral infections in human lung organoids.

Human-based organ models can provide strong predictive value to investigate the tropism, virulence, and replication kinetics of viral pathogens. Currently, such models have received widespread attention in the study of SARS-CoV-2 causing the COVID-19 pandemic. Applicable to a large set of organoid models and viruses, we provide a step-by-step work instruction for the infection of human alveolar-like organoids with SARS-CoV-2 in this protocol collection. We also prepared a detailed description on state-of-the-art methodologies to assess the infection impact and the analysis of relevant host factors in organoids. This protocol collection consists of five different sets of protocols. Set 1 describes the protein extraction from human alveolar-like organoids and the determination of protein expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and FURIN as exemplary host factors of SARS-CoV-2. Set 2 provides detailed guidance on the extraction of RNA from human alveolar-like organoids and the subsequent qPCR to quantify the expression level of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN as host factors of SARS-CoV-2 on the mRNA level. Protocol set 3 contains an in-depth explanation on how to infect human alveolar-like organoids with SARS-CoV-2 and how to quantify the viral replication by plaque assay and viral E gene-based RT-qPCR. Set 4 provides a step-by-step protocol for the isolation of single cells from infected human alveolar-like organoids for further processing in single-cell RNA sequencing or flow cytometry. Set 5 presents a detailed protocol on how to perform the fixation of human alveolar-like organoids and guides through all steps of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to visualize SARS-CoV-2 and its host factors. The infection and all subsequent analytical methods have been successfully validated by biological replications with human alveolar-like organoids based on material from different donors