An overview of the family history of the Chinese Muslim admiral Zheng He

Çin tarihinde kökeni Çin’e dayanmayan ancak Çin topraklarında Çinlileşmiş ve yönetimde önemli görevlerde bulunan birçok tarihi kişi vardır. Bu kişiler çeşitli kültür ortamlarından beslenerek kendilerine has bir kişilik oluşturmuşlardır. Bu kişilerden biri de Ming Hanedanlığı (1368-1644) döneminde yaşamış olan ünlü Amiral Zheng He’dır. Zheng He, dünya tarihinde 15. yüzyılın başlarında Batı Okyanusu’na yaptığı yedi seyahat ile ünlenmiştir. Ancak Zheng He’nın tarihte yapmış olduğu bu ünlü deniz seyahatlerinin yanı sıra aile tarihi de bir o kadar önem arz etmektedir. Çünkü Zheng He’nın gen havuzu çok geniş bir yelpazeye sahiptir. Bu yelpazenin başlangıç noktası Buhara’ya, varış noktası Çin’e dayanmaktadır. Genellikle tarihte başarılı olan birçok kişinin arkasında güçlü bir aile yapısı vardır. Zheng He da aile kökeni olarak güçlü bir soy ağacına sahiptir. Bu yüzden Müslüman Amiral Zheng He hem dini açıdan hem de aile tarihi olarak incelemeye değer bir konudur.In Chinese History there are lots of historical persons whose lineages do not hinge upon China but having got sinicized there and taken charge in the administration of the country. These persons have formed their own unique character by getting nourished from various culture mediums. One of these persons is Admiral Zheng He who lived during the period of Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Zheng He became famous for the seven voyages he had done at the beginning of the 15th Century in the World History. Moreover, history of his family is as important as his well-known voyages. Because Zheng He has a wide range of gene pool. His family lineage reaches out from Buhara to China. Generally in history, many prosperous persons have powerful family bonds. Zheng He’s family roots have a strong family tree. Due to this, Muslim Admiral Zheng He is a worth analysing issue

BÜYÜK BİLGİ - MÜZİK HAKKINDA NOTLAR

Kadim Çin medeniyetinin tarihini, felsefesini, kültürünü anlayabilmek için bu medeniyete ait kitapları okumak, anlamak ve Çin kaynaklarını inceleyerek dönemlere ait sorunları çözümleyebilmek gerekmektedir. Çeviri eserler, bir medeniyetin kültürü, tarihi, dini inançları ile ilgili bilgileri içinde barındırırlar ve bizlere o medeniyet hakkında önemli detaylar sunarlar. Bir eseri çevirirken çevirmenin o dile ve kültüre hâkim olması çevirinin esas noktalarındandır. Çünkü kültür ögelerinin okuyucuya doğru aktarılması çevirilerde önemli bir etkendir

Application of YOLOv8L Deep Learning in Robotic Harvesting of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)

Deep learning has been a branch of science that has been used by many researchers and has gained popularity in recent years. Deep learning techniques perform better than traditional methods by providing high accuracy in analyzing and processing agricultural data. Therefore, the use of deep learning techniques in agriculture is increasing. The persimmon used in this study is a fruit tree belonging to the Ebenaceae family and is cultivated in various regions of Turkey, including the Trabzon region. The persimmon harvest is typically done during the fall season when the fruits reach optimal maturity. It is recommended to harvest the persimmon when they are hard but slightly soft to the touch. In this study, using the deep learning method, the classification was made by considering the color feature of the fruit. The aim here is to develop a method to be used in robotic harvesting systems. YOLOv8L was chosen as the method. The metric values of the model were analyzed and it was observed that the 'metrics/precision', 'metrics/recall', 'metrics/mAP_0.5' and 'metrics/mAP_0.5:0.95' values of the model increased as the number of epochs increased. In the last epoch, precision was measured at about 71%, recall was measured at 79%, mAP_0.5 was measured at about 84% and mAP_0.5:0.95 was measured at about 76%. These values indicated that the model was able to detect and classify objects with high accuracy in the validation set. Measured value Size: 640x640, Batch: 16, Epoch: 102, Algorithm: YOLOv8L. It was concluded that YOLOv8L was the best detection model to be used in robotic persimmon harvesting to separate the persimmon from branch

East Asian studies

Kita

The effects of cross-linking agents on the mechanical properties of poly (Methyl Methacrylate) resin

Abstract Cross-linking agents are incorporated into denture base materials to improve their mechanical properties. This study investigated the effects of various cross-linking agents, with different cross-linking chain lengths and flexibilities, on the flexural strength, impact strength, and surface hardness of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The cross-linking agents used were ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA), and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). These agents were added to the methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer component in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume and 10% by molecular weight. A total of 630 specimens, comprising 21 groups, were fabricated. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were assessed using a 3-point bending test, impact strength was measured via the Charpy type test, and surface Vickers hardness was determined. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test, Kruskal–Wallis Test, Mann–Whitney U Test, and ANOVA with post hoc Tamhane test (p ≤ 0.05). No significant increase in flexural strength, elastic modulus, or impact strength was observed in the cross-linking groups compared to conventional PMMA. However, surface hardness values notably decreased with the addition of 5% to 20% PEGDMA. The incorporation of cross-linking agents in concentrations ranging from 5% to 15% led to an improvement in the mechanical properties of PMMA

Plastic occurrence in commercial fish species of the Black Sea

The occurrence of micro- ( 5 mm), meso- (5-25 mm) and macroplastics ( 25mm) was investigated in seven commercial fish species of the Black Sea. Plastics were found in gastrointestinal track of all species analysed: Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Sarda sarda, Belone belone, Pomatus saltatrix, Merlangius merlangus and Mullus barbatus. A total of 352 plastic particles were removed from 190 individuals (29% of all individuals examined). The mean number of plastic particles per fish was 0.81 +/- 1.42 par.ind-1 (considering all fish analysed, n=650) and 2.06 +/- 1.09 par.ind-1 (considering only the fish that ingested plastic, n=190). The most common types of plastics were fibres (68.5%), followed by films (19%), fragments (11.9%), foams (0.3 %) and microbeads (0.3%). The most common plastic colour was black (39.3%) followed by blue (19.5%) and transparent (18.1%). The length of plastics ranged from 0.05 to 26.5 mm with an average of 1.84 +/- 2.80 mm. 93.2% of plastics were microplastics, 6.5 % as mesoplastics and 0.3% macroplastics. Plastic occurrence was higher in S. sarda (plastic in 70% of the analysed individuals) and lower in M. merlangus (plastic in 9% of the analysed individuals). The main synthetic polymers identified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were polypropylene (29.8%), polyester (17.5%), acrylic (15.8%), polyethylene (14%) and polystyrene (1.8%) and 21.1% of polymers were cellulosic. Results show that commercial fish of the Black Sea is contaminated by plastics. This might affect vital functions of fish and pose a risk to ecosystem and human health. The study contributes to a better understanding of the status of plastic pollution in the fish from different habitats of the Black Sea and provides baseline data to implement the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the basin

Diagnosis and treatment of umbilical cord-derived tetanus in neonatal calves

In this study, umbilical cord-derived neonatal tetanus in calves was identified in Turkey. Four calves with tetanus-specific history and clinical findings were used. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, and clinical findings were recorded. A tetanus-specific treatment procedure was performed. However, the calves died from not responding to treatment. Pretreatment white blood cell, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were determined to be high. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, CK, and LDH activities were found to increase after treatment compared to before treatment. Gram-positive terminal spore-forming bacilli were observed in bacterioscopic examination of the necrotic tissue and swab samples from the umbilical cord region. The umbilical cord region was determined to be infected in all calves. In histopathological examination, pyogranuloma formation was observed in the wound area, and in Gram staining agents morphologically concordant with Clostridium tetani in necrotic material were observed. Blood serum of the calves was inoculated into mice. All mice died within 2 days after the inoculation, showing tetanus-specific clinical findings. As a result, bacterioscopy and histopathology of the umbilical cord region may be useful for diagnosis in addition to clinical findings. Mice trials may be used in confirming the diagnosis

Combined Neutrase-Alcalase Protein Hydrolysates from Hazelnut Meal, a Potential Functional Food Ingredient

Consumers\u27 interest in functional foods has significantly increased in the past few years. Hazelnut meal, the main valuable byproduct of the hazelnut oil industry, is a rich source of proteins and bioactive peptides and thus has great potential to become a valuable functional ingredient. In this study, hazelnut protein hydrolysates obtained by a single or combined hydrolysis by Alcalase and Neutrase were mainly characterized for their physicochemical properties (SDS-PAGE, particle size distribution, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, molecular weight distribution, etc.) and potential antiobesity effect (Free fatty acid (FFA) release inhibition), antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS methods), and emulsifying properties. The impact of a microfluidization pretreatment was also investigated. The combination of Alcalase with Neutrase permitted the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH; 15.57 \ub1 0.0%) of hazelnut protein isolate, which resulted in hydrolysates with the highest amount of low-molecular-weight peptides, as indicated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SDS-PAGE. There was a positive correlation between the DH and the inhibition of FFA release by pancreatic lipase (PL), with a significant positive effect of microfluidization when followed by Alcalase hydrolysis. Microfluidization enhanced the emulsifying activity index (EAI) of protein isolates and hydrolysates. Low hydrolysis by Neutrase had the best effect on the EAI (84.32 \ub1 1.43 (NH) and 88.04 \ub1 2.22 m2/g (MFNH)), while a negative correlation between the emulsifying stability index (ESI) and the DH was observed. Again, the combined Alcalase-Neutrase hydrolysates displayed the highest radical scavenging activities (96.63 \ub1 1.06% DPPH and 98.31 \ub1 0.46% ABTS). FTIR results showed that the application of microfluidization caused the unfolding of the protein structure. The individual or combined application of the Alcalase and Neutrase enzymes caused a switch from the β-sheet organization of the proteins to α-helix structures. In conclusion, hazelnut meal may be a good source of bioactive and functional peptides. The control of its enzymatic hydrolysis, together with an appropriate pretreatment such as microfluidization, may be crucial to achieve the best suitable activity

Interactions between Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Protein and Phenolics and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestibility

In this study, we investigated the formation of protein–phenolic complexes from dephenolized hazelnut meal protein isolates (dHPI) and hazelnut skin phenolic extracts (HSE) and their effects on the bioaccessibility of both hazelnut proteins and phenolics. The dHPI–HSE complexes were of considerable size and were dependent on HSE concentration due to aggregation. Although catechin was the main component of HSE, it did not cause aggregation, except for a slight rise in particle size. According to fluorescence quenching, the hazelnut protein–phenolic extract complex had a linear Stern–Volmer plot expressing static quenching between 0–0.5 mM concentration; the interaction was mainly dependent on hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces (ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0), and the reaction was spontaneous (ΔG < 0). According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results, higher phenolic extract concentration caused an increase in irregular structures in hazelnut protein, while the lowest catechin and phenolic concentration altered the regular structure. Skin extracts did not alter the digestibility of dephenolized proteins, but dephenolization reduced the degree of hydrolysis by pancreatin. The formation of the protein–phenolic complex had a beneficial effect on the bioaccessibility of hazelnut skin phenols, predominantly those on the galloylated form of the catechins, such as gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate. Thus, the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity analysis results showed that protein–phenolic complexes obtained from hazelnut meal and skin may promote the transition of phenolic compounds from the gastrointestinal tract without degradation