The Discovery of Mercury-resistant Bacteria Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated From Sario River Estuary That Can Be Used to Detoxify Inorganik Mercury Wastes

Mercury is well known for its high toxicity and strong affinity toward the thiol group of proteins. Mercury-resistant bacteria can be used for detoxify mercury wastes due to the ability of these bacteria to reduce toxic inorganic mercury into mercury metal which is volatile and less toxic. The aim of this study was the selection of bacterial strains resistant to inorganic mercury, as well as to show their capacity to reduce mercury in pure culture media Nutrient Broth. Six strains bacteria was isolated and one of them, A1.1.1. isolate was selected for its capacity to reduce mercury HgCl2 in culture media nutrient broth. The one bacterial strains belong to the spesies Klebsiella pneumoniae. Inoculated in pure culture, these strain showed a mercury reduction of 75% in 1 hour, 92% in 12 hours, and 99,4% in 24 hours. Therefore, this bacterium could be useful in detoxification of inorganic mercury wastes

Daya Reduksi Merkuri Isolat Bakteri Yang Diisolasi Dari Urine Pasien Di Puskesmas Bahu Manado

The aim of this research was to analyze mercury reduction power from patient urine with teeth amalgam which used for mercury detoxification. The research was descriptive which isolate 5 samples of patient urine from Bahu PUSKESMAS. Bacteria were grow in a media wich consist of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 ppm of HgCl2. Bacteria which grow in the highest concentration of mercury were identified and tested it reduction power against HgCl2. The result shows that there were 3 isolates which bacteria can grow with HgCl2 60 ppm namely Isolate U1.3, U3.1, and U3.3. Identification result found that isolate U1.3 and U3.1 were positive gram bacteria, rod, and motil, although U3.3 was negative gram bacteria, rod and not motil. Result of mercury reduction shows that in 24 hours, the three isolates reduce 100% mercury in nutrient broth, it concluded that isolates were highly resistant mecury bacteria. It can be used to detoxify mercury

EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI PERMENKES NOMOR 72 TAHUN 2016 TERHADAP MANAJEMEN PERENCANAAN, PENGADAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN OBAT DI INSTALASI FARMASI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

Rumah Sakit menurut WHO (World Health Organization) yaitu suatu bagian secara menyeluruh (integral) dari organisasi sosial dan medis, yang berfungsi untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang paripurna baik kuratif maupun preventif kepada masyarakat. Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit mempunyai peranan penting untuk melakukan pengelolaan obat seperti seleksi, perencanaan, pengadaan, penyimpanan, distribusi dan penggunaan obat. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian observasional menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi secara lengkap dan mendalam tentang implementasi Permenkes Nomor 72 tahun 2016 terhadap perencanaan, pengadaan dan pengendalian obat di Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pada bulan Januari – Mei  2023. Pengadaan obat di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Provinsi Sulut, dilakukan dengan Surat Pesanan (SP) ke Perusahaan Besar Farmasi  (PBF) melalui koordinasi dengan dinas kesehatan. Pengendalian obat sudah mengacu pada Permenkes RI No 72 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian Di Rumah Sakit.Pengendalian obat dilakukan dengan metode Stock Opname, KFT berperan dalam pengendalian baik kuantitas maupun kualitas obat, namun masih terdapat beberapa item obat yang kadaluwarsa

ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF ETANOL EXTRACT FROM MANGOSTEEN PERICARP (Garcinia mangostana L. ) AGAINST ARTEMIA SALINA LEACH LARVAE USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BST)

The aim of this research is to determine acute toxicity potency of mangosteen pericarp extract using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BST). This research was an experimental research using Post Test Only Control Group Design, using 250 larvaes as test subject which were divided into 5 groups. Each group contains 10 larvaes and each group was done by 5 replications. The test componen was mangosteen pericarp extract that given through the media which contains larvae as the animal test. The extract final concentration in media which contains larvae were 1000, 500, 200, 100 and 0 ppm as negative control. The result is against larvae that died 24 hours after component test was given. Through the data, LC 50 value of etanol extract of mangosteen rind was analyzed. The result shows that mangosteen rind extract on the media could kill larvae of Artemia salina. Prohibit analyzes shows that mangosteen extract LC50 value of mangosteen pericarp extract was 418 ppm. So the administering of rind extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) had acute toxicity potential against Artemia salina Leach larvae according to BST method.   Keywords : Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp, brine shrimp lethality test, acute toxicit

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Klebsiella pneumonlae

ABSTRACT Research has been carried out on the Antibacterial Activity Test of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Fruit Bark Extract against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of mangosteen peel extract using the diffusion method with positive control of Ciprofloxacin and negative control of aquades and the test solution used by mangosteen peel extract. The result showed differences in extract concentrations of 25% (6.66 mm) categorized as medium, extract concentractions of 50% (8.83 mm) categorized as medium, extract concentractions of 75% (9.16 mm) categorized as medium, and extract concentractions of 100% (10.16 mm) categorized as strong in influencing the inhibition of the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. The result of this study also showed that mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.), has a broad-spectrum bioactive compound which means it can inhibit the growth of Gram negative bacteria. Keywords : Garcinia mangostana L, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Ciprofloxacin  ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Terhadap Bakteri Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah manggis menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan kontrol positif Ciprofloxacin dan kontrol negatif aquades serta larutan uji yang digunakan ekstrak kulit buah manggis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Perbedaan konsentrasi ekstrak 25% (6,66 mm) termasuk sedang, konsentrasi ekstrak 50% (8,83 mm) termasuk sedang, konsentrasi ekstrak 75% (9,16 mm) termasuk sedang, dan konsentrasi ekstrak 100% (10,16 mm) termasuk kuat dalam mempengaruhi penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa Ekstrak kulit buah manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.), memiliki senyawa bioaktif dengan spektrum luas artinya dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Gram negatif. Kata kunci : My Garcinia Mangostana L,  Klebsiella Pneunoniae, Ciprofloxaci

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH SALAK (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus L.) YANG DIINDUKSI SUKROSA

This study aimed at finding out the effectivity of Salacca (Salacca zalacca [Gaertn]Voss) rind extract on blood sugar decrease of white male wistar (Rattus norvegicus L.)induced with sucrose. Completely randomized design method was used in this experiment.The subject of the experiment were 15 white male wistar which were divided into 3 (three)groups namely negative control group, treatment group with the dose of 150 mg extract/kgbody weight, and positive control group using glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg body weight. Dataobtained from the examination of the fasting blood sugar were 30 minutes after inductionwith sucrose and at minute 15, 30, 60, and 120 after treatment was given. The data isprocessed using ANOVA and LSD test to compare between the negative control group,treatment, and a positive control. The analysis revealed a significant difference betweennegative control and treatment, negative control and positive control, but did not show asignificant difference between treatment groups with the positive control. The conclusion ofthis study is Salacca rind extract has an effect on blood sugar levels decrease of white malewistar induced with sucrose.Keywords: Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss, Salacca rind extract, blood sugar level, sucros

Analisis Kandungan Merkuri Pada Krim Pemutih Yang Beredar Di Kota Manado

ABSTRACT Whitening cream is a mix of chemicals which whiten skin or bleach black fleck on the skin. The use of Mercury in whitening cream effects many things, such as skin color changes, and at the end cause black flecks, allergy, and irritation. The use of high dose cause permanent brain damage and cancer. The objectives of this research were to identify and determine Mercury (Hg) in some whitening creams marketed in Manado City.Sample of whitening cream were 10 samples.Identification of Mercury using color test, and Cold Vapour-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (CVAAS). The results shows that five samples contains Mercury (Hg)0,0004 ppm, 0,0003 ppm, 0,0006 ppm, 0,0004 ppm, and 0,0005 ppmwithin ten samples analysis. Key words : Whitening cream, Mercury, CV-AAS (Cold Vapour Atomic AbsorbtionSpectrophotometry)

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI NANOPARTIKEL EKSTRAK LENGKUAS PUTIH (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) TERHADAP BAKTERI Klebsiella pneumoniae

ABSTRACTWhite galangal rhizome (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd's) scientifically proven has properties as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant and cytotoxic. In nano size, the contact surface area of the particle becomes larger which can increase the amount of active substance which is isolated more so that the antibacterial activity is stronger. This study aims to determine whether the white galangal extract nanoparticles have antibacterial activity against the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and measure the inhibitory ability of white galangal extract nanoparticles against bacterial growth and compared with white galangal ethanol extract. White galangal was extracted using maceration method with ethanol solvent and nanoparticle formulation made of white galangal extract by ionic gelation method. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using agar diffusion method and observations were made 1x24 hours incubation period, with inhibition zones measured using a millimeter ruler. The results showed that the white galangal extract nanoparticles had antibacterial activity to inhibit the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the results of inhibition zone measurements of 22.5 mm. Keywords : Antibacterial, Extraction, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Nanoparticles, White galangal. ABSTRAKRimpang lengkuas putih (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) memiliki khasiat yang sudah dibuktikan secara ilmiah sebagai antibakteri, antijamur, antikanker, antitumor, antioksidan dan sitotoksik. Dalam ukuran nano, luas kontak permukaan partikel menjadi lebih besar yang dapat meningkatkan jumlah zat aktif yang terisolasi lebih banyak sehingga aktivitas antibakteri semakin kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah nanopartikel ekstrak lengkuas putih memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae serta mengukur kemampuan daya hambat nanopartikel ekstrak lengkuas putih terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri dan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etanol lengkuas putih. Lengkuas putih diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol dan dibuat formulasi nanopartikel ekstrak lengkuas putih dengan metode gelasi ionik. Untuk pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar dan pengamatan dilakukan 1x24 jam masa inkubasi, dengan zona hambat diukur menggunakan penggaris millimeter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel ekstrak lengkuas putih memiliki aktivitas antibakteri untuk menghambat bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae, dengan hasil pengukuran zona hambat sebesar 22,5 mm. Kata Kunci : Lengkuas putih, Nanopartikel, Antibakteri, Ekstraksi, Klebsiella pneumoniae

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI BUAH DUKU Lansium domesticum TERHADAP BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCUS AUREUS DAN ESCHERICHIA COLI

ABSTRACT Duku (Lansium domesticum) provides many benefits for the community. Apart from the fruit which has high nutritional value, duku is believed by the community to have benefits. The study aims to learn about the antibacterial extract of my seed against the staphylococus aureus and escherichia coli. This study used the meseration method with ethanol as a solvent. The antibacterial activity test used the well diffusion method with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. The positive control used was Ciprofloxacin and the negative control used was the CMC solution. Studies show that the suppression of extract is 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% staphylococus aureus, the average drip zone is 11.3mm, 13.3mm, 13.6mm, 11,3mm, and escherichia coli, on average, 10 mm,  9,3mm, 10,3mm, 12,6 mm. The results suggest that the extract of the duku fruit has antibacterial activity against the growth of the staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli. Keywords: Duku seed, Antibacterial, Antibacterial activity ABSTRAK Duku (Lansium domesticum) banyak memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat. Selain buahnya yang mempunyai nilai gizi tinggi, duku dipercaya masyarakat memiliki manfaat untuk kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak biji duku terhadap bakteri staphylococus aureus  dan Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran  dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah  Ciprofloxacin dan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah larutan CMC.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa daya hambat ekstrak dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, dan 40% Staphylococcus aureus rata-rata  zona beningnya 11,3mm, 13,3mm, 13,6mm, 11,3mm, dan Escherichia coli rata-rata  zona beningnya 10 mm, 9,3mm, 10,3mm, 12,6 mm. Dari hasil yang didapatkan  disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak biji buah duku memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Kata Kunci:Biji buah duku, Antibakteri, Aktivitas antibakter

ANALISIS BORAKS PADA ABU KOPRA DI MINAHASA UTARA DAN MINAHASA TENGGARA

ABSTRACT Copra ashes are ash produced from burning coconut husk in the copra roasting process after more than three roasts. Noodle producers in Manado and Tombatu were  using copra ashes as an additive to noodles because it has benefits as a substitute for borax, which is prohibited from using on food, since it can improve the texture of noodles, as preservatives, improve the color and appearance of noodles. The purpose of this study is to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of borax compounds in copra ashes. Qualitatively analysis was carried out using the flame and color method, and the quantitative test used the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method at the wavelength of 545 nm and 0.125% curcumin as the color reagent. The study showed positive result on the qualitative test of the color method against turmeric paper whereas turn to brownish red, and negative result on the flame test whereas turn to red greenish fire, on the quantitative test the sample level A=1.459 ppm and sample B=2.092 this indicates that samples A and B were positive contains borax.Keywords: Copra ashes, food additives, borax and spectrophotometry ABSTRAK             Abu kopra adalah abu yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran sabut kelapa dalam proses pemanggangan kopra setelah lebih dari 3 kali pemanggangan. Abu kopra oleh produsen mie di Airmadidi dan di Tombatu digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan  pada mie karena memiliki manfaat sebagai pengganti boraks yang dilarang penggunaannya pada makanan, karena dapat memperbaiki tekstur mie, sebagai  pengawet dan memperbaiki warna dan penampilan mie. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif keberadaan senyawa boraks di dalam abu kopra. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan metode nyala dan warna, dan uji kuantitatif digunakan metode spektrofometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 545 nm dan kurkumin 0,125% sebagai pereaksi warnanya. Penelitian menunjukkan hasil positif pada uji kualitatif metode warna yaitu kertas tumerik menjadi merah kecoklatan, dan hasil negatif pada uji nyala yaitu api berwarna merah kehijauan, pada uji kuantitatif kadar sampel A=1,459 ppm dan sampel B=2,092 ini menunjukkan bahwa sampel A dan B positif mengandung boraks. Kata kunci      : Abu kopra, bahan tambahan makanan, boraks dan spektrofotometri