Changing trends of prevalence and presentation of ectopic pregnancy cases admitted in DMCH

Background: An ectopic pregnancy occurs outside the uterus and is a relatively common condition among women of childbearing age. Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube (so-called tubal pregnancies), but implantation can also occur in the cervix, ovaries, and abdomen. An ectopic pregnancy is a potential medical emergency, and, if not treated properly, can lead to death. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changing trends of prevalence and presentation of ectopic pregnancy cases admitted in DMCH. Methods: This study was undertaken among the patients admitted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital during the period from October 2012 to March 2013. Clinical evaluation of cases of ectopic pregnancy in terms of sociodemographic factors, presentations, risk factors, examination findings, per operative findings and management offered to the patients. The period from Data was entered in MS Excel and Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-24. Results: Most of the patients were 20-30 years age group and mean age was 28.08±4.24 years. The frequency of ectopic pregnancy was 7.60%.  High incidence was found among 0-1 parity (48%) and from a lower socioeconomic status. Commonest presentation was lower abdominal pain (94%), amenorrhoea (100%), P/V bleeding (38%) and syncopal attack (48%). Most of the cases was without contraceptic coverage (60%). Previous history of abortion/MR (50%), history of pelvic infection (30%) and history of D&C (16%) constitute the main bulk of risk factors. Most of the patients managed by laparotomy followed by salpingectomy which is still the standard treatment in many cases. Conclusions: Study has found that previous abortions are major etiological factor for ectopic pregnancy than previous pelvic infection. Most of the patients were managed by laparotomy. The general public should be made aware the sign and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy. Proper and modern diagnostic tools and training program for these should be made available in all tertiary level hospital

Effects of Proportion of Egg Yolk and Preservation Time on Chilled Semen from Indigenous Rams

The study was set out to determine the effects of different percentages of egg yolk on quality of chilled semen in Indigenous Rams. Different percentages of egg yolk were used to preserve semen from indigenous rams in Tris based extender at 4°C. Nine 2 to 3 years old rams, weighing 21.5±1.2 kg, body condition score 3.9±0.1 with scrotal circumference of 22.4 ±0.4 cm were selected for collection of semen once a week using artificial vagina. Each ejaculate was divided into four portions, and extended with Tris based diluents containing 5, 10, 15, and 20% egg yolk and kept chilled at 4 to 5°C for up to 48h. Motility, viability, functional integrity and morphology were evaluated before and 24h and 48h of preservation. The results showed significantly (p<0.05) better motility, viability and functional integrity with 10% egg yolk compared to other concentrations of egg yolk during preservation. However, the proportion of egg yolk did not affect spermatozoa quality before preservation and normal morphology in any time during preservation. Time of preservation decreased (p<0.01) the rate of motility, viability, functional integrity, and normal morphology of spermatozoa. Positive correlation coefficient observed between spermatozoa motility, viability, and functional integrity. Functional integrity of spermatozoa positively correlated to morphologically normal spermatozoa. It is concluded that 10% egg yolk in Ttris based diluents may be best for chilled Indigenous ram semen

Myomectomy at the Time of Cesarean Section: A Prospective Multicentre Study

Objectives: To assess the safety and efficacy of myomectomy during cesarean section. Methods : The study design was a prospective multicentre study done in three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city. The subject were 30 pregnant women underwent elective or emergency myomectomy during cesarean section. All cesarean section myomectomy were performed by consultant. Intra-operative and post-operative complications such as change in haematocrit, length of operation, blood loss were estimated. Length of hospital stay was also recorded. Results : 50 Fibroid of various sizes (2-6cm) were removed from 30 women. Fibroid were on the anterior uterine wall with most being subserous and intramural. Four patients had one unit of whole blood transfusion in post-operative period. No hysterectomy was done at the time of cesarean section. There was no significant frequency of blood transfusion; incidence of post- operative fever and duration of operation. The mean duration of post operative hospital study was 7.3&plusmn;1.2 days. Two patients subsequently became pregnant, were also underwent repeated cesarean section in the study period. Conclusion : In selected cases myomectomy during cesarean section does not appear to result in an increased risk of intrapartum or short-term postpartum morbidity if performed by an experienced practitioner. Cesarean myomectomy is a safe surgical options with no significant complications. Keywords : Cesarean section; myomectomy; uterine myoma. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v4i2.8639 BSMMU J 2011; 4(2):102-10

Exploring Inclusion in Secondary Schools: A Study on Dhaka City

This paper presents findings of a mixed methods research which is mainly exploratory research by nature. The primary data have been collected from 180 students and 60 teachers by questionnaires, classroom observation and FGD. To analysis the data a descriptive triangulation approach is used. The Major purpose of this study is to present the practice of inclusive education on inclusive schooling in Dhaka city and other vulnerability discourses that elevated utmost challenges for survival of students with Disabilities (PWDs), disadvantage, gender discrimination during study time. The study findings explore multiple factors poses a threat to inclusion, as Bangladesh is considered one of the most growing concern countries in the world about inclusion. The study reveals that there is gender equity and empty gender discrimination in Dhaka city but still there is unpleasant proportion between student and teacher ratio. Although the lack of enough facilities, schools are welcoming different categories of students in their classroom while teachers are not always prepared to support students for ensuring quality education together with special need child. Though the different initiatives have been taken to train the teachers, which is a must for achieving goals but there is a lack of trained teachers in school to nurture the special need children whereas unified curriculum has been used with ICT teaching-learning materials. Making creative question is one of the most highly encouraging reforms in our country and whenever students take it positively but teachers either have a little idea or dislike the process. In this circumstances it is expected that the findings would influence policies for ensuring inclusive intervention of preparedness and rehabilitation.

MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCE THROUGH GREEN POLICY: WAYS OUT AND ITS IMPLICATION

This paper attempts to highlight the green policy and its practices for managing the human resource in the organizations and also seeks to ways out some techniques to make green HR policy useful for the organizational practices. In this study, the authors used secondary data through an extensive literature survey form different sources. The significant findings are that all over the world, organizations are trying to practice green management or implementation of green policy for their daily activities as well as to ensure the health and well-being of their human resources. Though the green system is beneficial for both the organizations as well as employees but it costs a lot in the initial stage to meet up the preliminary fixed costs, train the people and to make people ready to work as per green policies. Gathering experiences from different research in advanced countries the authors try to conclude the study by mentioning some ways- how to manage HR through green policy or green human resource management (HRM) techniques

Comparison of Estrus Synchronization by PGF2α and Progestagen Sponge with PMSG in Indigenous Ewes in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different synchronizing agents with different doses in indigenous ewes in Bangladesh. Indigenous ewes (n=65) were allocated initially into four groups and treated with intravaginal sponges containing two doses of Flurogestone Acetate (FGA 30 and 45 mg) for 12 days and two doses of PGF2α injection (Cloprostenol 100 and 175 μg) at 9 days apart. Ewes in estrus were identified using vasectomized rams. An investigation was made on vaginal smear in indigenous ewes. Fifty days after estrus and natural mating, pregnancy was determined by trans-cutaneous ultrasonography.. All the indigenous ewes used in four treatment groups exhibited signs of estrus during the observation period. Among sexual behaviors, firm standing, head-turning and soliciting were displayed more frequently. Ewes in Group I and Group II started to express receptive behavior between 48 h to70 h and in Group III and Group IV between 18-36 h following sponge removal. The time to estrus was slightly longer (58.6 ±2.64 h) in the groups treated with 175 μg Cloprostenol compared to the other groups (55.8 ±3.12, 32.9±1.60 and 30.8±2.04 h).There was significant differences (PFGA compared with other range of time. Similarly, 52.9 and 62.5% of ewes in Cloprostenol (100 and175 μg, respectively) showed oestrus during 49 to 60 h. There was no significant difference in ewes of all treatedgroups (P˃0.05). The estrus period was shown the predominance of superficial cells that was keratinized, largely anucleate, and had angular, folded cell margins or with pyknotic nuclei (Figures 5-6) in the vaginal smear of ewes in all the treated groups. The higher pregnancy rates observed in the 30 mg FGA based Group III (100%) compared with 100 μg Cloprostenol (88.2 %), 175 μg Cloprostenol (75%) and 45 mg FGA (93.8 %) group. It was concluded that though FGA sponge protocol presented superior results, PGF2α protocol was as efficient in synchronizing estrus as the former in indigenous ewes in Bangladesh

Presentation of invasive cervical cancer in Bangladesh

Background: Cervical cancer is a disease of significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. More than 85% of the disease occurs in developing countries. Bangladesh, like other developing countries faces a burden of the disease. ObJec­tive: To find out the different way of presentation of invasive cervical cancer patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Gynaecologic Oncology wing of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Bang­abandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during 1st January 2007 to 30th April 2008. One hundred and four patients with invasive cervical cancer admitted in hospital were enrolled in the study by purposive sampling. All the infor­mation were collected in a pre-designed structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using statistical program SPSS version: 17.0. Frequency distributions were used to present the characteristics of the patients. Chi-square test was calcu­lated and the significant level was set at P&lt;0.05. Results: Maximum patients (60.6%) were in stage II. Majority of the patients (61.5%) presented with abnormal bleeding. Exophytic growth was found in the majority of the patients (71.2%). Squamous cell carcinoma was more (92.3%) in the majority of patients and adenocarcinoma was more in younger age group. Conclusion: The status of the patients irJ this study reflects advanced stage of the disease at presentation and the peak incidence was observed in 36-45 years age group

Baseline Study of Reproductive Performances of Indigenous Rams in Bangladesh

9 , respectively. The rate of motility: 89. 0±0.2, 72.4±0.2, 62.0±0.6, viability: 91.8±0.1, 75.6±0.2, 64.8±0.6, functional integrity: 87.3±0.2, 69.1±0.2, 50.2±0.5 and normal spermatozoa were 94.0±0.1, 77.3±0.1 and 75.0±0.2 in fresh, chilled and frozen semen, respectively

Morphological and physiological variation among different isolates of Alternaria spp. from Rapeseed-Mustard

To find out the Morphological variation on growth and sporulation of Alternaria species of Alternaria leaf blight of mustard from 10 representative geographical locations of Bangladesh, this experiment was conducted at Plant Pathology Laboratory, Oilseed Research center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Inistitute (BARI), Joydevpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh. All the isolates showed high level of variability in in-vitro in respect of radial mycial growth, colony colour, sub surface colour, colony shape, colony texture, zonation (surface and sub surface), length and width of conidia, beak length and number of septa. The maximum and minimum radial mycial growth was recorded 90 mm in isolate NATAb and 83.67 mm in isolate GAZAb, respectively at 14 days after incubation. Significant variation in conidial length, width, beak and no. of conidia observed in all isolates. The length of conidia ranged from 41.56 to 117.54µm with 3 to 11 transverse and 0 to 3 vertical septa. The width and beak length varied from 10.34 to 23.12 µm and 16.78 to 72.65 µm ,respectively. Surface colour were olivacious green to black and circular shaped colonies were observed in all isolates on PDA medium. Colony texture were cottony to velvety. Subsurface colour varied from light brown to black and pinkish. Zonation found in some isolates and some did not produce on both surface and subsurface. All conidia were murifrom and light brown to deep brown in colour. Potato Carrot Dextrose Agar medium (PCDA) and 25 o C temperature were found optimum for different isolates for mycelial growth and sporulation

Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown under combined salinity and submergence stresses based on vegetative stage phenotyping

Sixteen rice genotypes were screened against combined salinity and submergence stresses to find out potential salt-submergence tolerant genotypes. Rice seedlings were subjected to submergence stress including two salinity levels viz., EC-6 dSm-1 and EC-8 dSm-1 for 10 days. Imposition of combined stress considerably decreased the growth parameters in rice seedlings, however ACM-18, ACM-35, and RC-251 demonstrated the maximum value for growth attributes such as leaf live (%), root and shoot length, plant fresh and dry biomass. The results of correlation and regression revealed a significant and negative association of leaf lives (%), root length, fresh weight of root and shoot, and root dry weight with mean tolerance score under combined stress indicating their importance as the useful descriptors for the selection. Euclidean clustering was categorized the rice genotypes into three major clusters, i.e., A-susceptible, B-tolerant and moderately tolerant, and C-highly tolerant. Results of cluster analysis showed that the highly tolerant genotypes namely ACM-18, ACM-35, and RC-251 were placed in the same cluster. Similar results were further confirmed by principal component analysis having the highly tolerant genotypes in the same group. Combining the morphological and multivariate analysis, ACM-18, ACM-35, and RC-251 were selected as promising genotypes for developing high-yielding salt-submergence tolerant rice