United Kingdom and United States Tourism Demand for Malaysia:A Cointegration Analysis

Tourism industry has been an important contributor to the Malaysia economy. In this paper we inspect variations in the long run demand for tourism from United Kingdom and United States to Malaysia. The demand for tourism has been explained by macroeconomic variables, including income in origin countries, tourism prices in Malaysia, and travel cost between the two countries. Annual data from 1972 to 2006 are used for the analysis. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Johansen’s maximum likelihood tests are used to test for unit root and cointegration. An error correction model (ECM) are estimated to a explain United Kingdom and United States demand for tourism to Malaysia. The results show that the long run equilibrium exists among variables, and the United Kingdom and United States tourists seem to be highly sensitive to the price variable.Tourism demand, cointegration analysis, Error Correction Model

United Kingdom and United States Tourism Demand for Malaysia:A Cointegration Analysis

Tourism industry has been an important contributor to the Malaysia economy. In this paper we inspect variations in the long run demand for tourism from United Kingdom and United States to Malaysia. The demand for tourism has been explained by macroeconomic variables, including income in origin countries, tourism prices in Malaysia, and travel cost between the two countries. Annual data from 1972 to 2006 are used for the analysis. Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Johansen’s maximum likelihood tests are used to test for unit root and cointegration. An error correction model (ECM) are estimated to a explain United Kingdom and United States demand for tourism to Malaysia. The results show that the long run equilibrium exists among variables, and the United Kingdom and United States tourists seem to be highly sensitive to the price variable

A bound test approach to cointegration of tourism demand

Problem statement: Given the high contribution of tourism industry in the Malaysian economy, Malaysia has a vast view to increase its market share of the international tourist arrivals in the Asia Pacific region. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the long run and short run demand for tourism from top ten markets (country). Approach: To accomplish this objective the ARDL bound test approach to cointegration was carried out for quarterly time series data from 1998:Q1 to 2007: Q3. A three-stage procedure followed to test the direction of causality. In the first stage the order of integration was tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit root tests. The second stage involved testing for the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between arrivals, income, tourism price, tourism substitute price and travel cost. The third stage involved constructing standard Granger-type causality tests augmented with a lagged error-correction term where the series were cointegrated. Results: The result of ADF and PP unit root tests confirmed that all variables were stationary at first difference. In addition the results indicated that a long run relationship and between variables. Conclusion: The results indicated that tourists from these ten countries seem to be highly sensitive to the price and the alternative destinations are complementary to Malaysia. In addition the results showed that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2003) had a negative affects significantly affected Malaysia

Contribution of tourism to economic growth in Iran's Provinces: GDM approach

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for the decomposition of economic growth by industry which allows between provinces comparisons in Iran. The authors use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth created by tourism and economic growth created by other industries. A Growth Decomposition Method (GDM) is used for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth for Iran from period 2005–2014. The results show that the impact of tourism on economic growth is positive. Thus, for Iran it appears that tourism on the whole support the growth of the general economy. Results of the average contribution of tourism to economic growth in provinces in Iran show that, khorasan razavi had the highest contribution to economic growth, Gilan took the second place and Ardabil was third with more than 1% and further 28 provinces it still had a positive contribution although less than 1%. Keywords: Economic growth, Tourism economics, Growth decomposition method (GDM), Provinces of Ira

Economic policy uncertainty and the US stock market trading: non-ARDL evidence

Abstract The present study investigates the impact of economic policy uncertainty, and economic factors on the stock market index in the USA using Non-ARDL and Quantile models. The findings reveal that declining economic and economic-political factors will increase the stock market index in the US. The results indicate that the effect of inflation and GDP variables follows a nonlinear pattern. Similar results using quantitative regression showed asymmetric impacts of inflation and GDP on stock market transactions

Pendidikan Akhlak Studi Pemikiran Syaikh Muhammad Nawawi Al-Bantani dan Ibnu Miskawaih

Pendidikan akhlak merupakan penanaman akhlak mula dan penjauhan dari akhlak tercela, serta menjaga gerak-gerik hati yang dibutuhkan dalam setiap situasi dan harus mengetahui seperti ridha, taqwa, tawakkal dan lain sebagainya. Akhlak juga merupakan sifat-sifat untuk bermu’amalah dengan orang lain dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan akhlak sebagai kombinasi antara cenderung melakukan hal baik atau buruk yang timbul dalam diri manusia. Dalam ajaran Islam akhlak merupakan suatu hal yang mendapatkan perhatian utama, sebab salah satu tugas yang diperintahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW ialah memperbaiki akhlak-akhlak manusia, agar umat menjalani kehidupan di dunia ini dengan berperilaku baik sesuai syari’at. Penelitian ini membahas pemikiran tokoh filsuf muslim Ibnu Miskawaih dan Syaikh Nawawi al-Bantani yang mana kedua tokoh ini memiliki peranan dalam pendidikan di Indonesi

Exercise training attenuates diabetes-induced cardiac injury through increasing miR-133a and improving pro-apoptosis/anti-apoptosis balance in ovariectomized rats

Objective(s): The useful and effective role of exercise program to prevent cardiac tissue apoptosis and fibrosis in ovariectomized type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats (OVR.D) is well known. The current study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of T2DM and swimming plan on the expression of some apoptotic, anti-apoptotic biomarkers and glycogen changes in the cardiac muscle tissue of ovariectomized (OVR) rats. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were randomly sorted into 4 equal categories; sham, OVR, OVR.D and diabetic ovariectomized with an 8 week of swimming plan (OVR.D.E). Lipid profile and miR-133, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels were evaluated in the cardiac tissue. Results: Ovariectomy significantly (P-value<0.05) increased cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8 and decreased (P-value<0.05) HDL, miR-133, Bcl-2 in the cardiac tissue and a further reduction in the expression of miR-133, Bcl-2 and an enhancement in Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in OVR.D rats was observed (P-value<0.01). However, exercise training significantly reversed all the measured parameters (P-value<0.05). Also, exercise training improved abnormal tissue structure, fragmentation and irregular form of glycogen granules in the OVR.D.E compared to OVR and OVR.D animals. Conclusion: Exercise training could prevent the cardiac disturbance, enhance the expression of anti-apoptotic markers and decrease apoptotic biomarkers in the hearts of OVR.D animals. Therefore, based on the findings of this study suggested using the exercise's beneficial effects for prevention of the cardiac cell death in OVR.D animals