Contribution of natural milk culture to microbiota, safety and hygiene of raw milk cheese produced in alpine malga

Processing of alpine milk in malga farms is carried out under conditions that can favor contamination by coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, or pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. With the aim to improve the hygienic characteristics and safety of cheese produced in four malga farms the use of lyophilized Natural Milk Culture prepared with selected strains was tested.. Two cheesemaking tests were carried out in the same day always starting from the same milk: in the first case following the malga recipe that uses either Natural Whey Culture or without the addition of a starter, in the second one using a Natural Milk Culture. Cheesemaking were carried out in four malga farms located in the west area of Trentino region within the same week. For hygienic and safety evaluation, aerobic colony count, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Escherichia coli, staphylococcal toxins, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp, pH and aw were determined in raw milk from evening and morning milking, curd in vat, curd after extraction and two months-ripened cheese. Pathogens or toxins, high values of coagulase- positive staphylococci and E. coli were not found in cheese samples. However, in the curd coagulase-positive staphylococci reached values almost of 5 Log CFU/g in the two malga without starter cultures. The use of Natural Milk Culture reduced E. coli counts. In addition, DNA was extracted from cheese samples and from Natural Milk Culture and the composition of the microbial community determined by Next Generation Sequencing method. The determination of cheese microbial communities demonstrated that the use of Natural Milk Culture exerted different effects in the different malga, in any case preserving bacterial biodiversity

Mejoras en el sistema autónomo de generación de energía instalado en la Base Esperanza de la Antártida

Un sistema autónomo alimentado con una batería a combustible hidrógeno con tecnología propia estuvo funcionando en la Base Esperanza de la Antártida desde enero de 2007 hasta mayo de 2008, cuando volvió al continente para su reciclado. Describimos aquí la detección del origen de fallas, las mejoras introducidas y los resultados obtenidos en su funcionamiento nuevamente en la Base Esperanza a partir de octubre de 2008 hasta la fecha.An autonomous system powered by a hydrogen fuel cell stack was running at Base Esperanza (Antarctica) since January 2007 until May 2008, when it returned to the continent for recycling. It is described in this work the evidence of detection of failures and the improvements introduced to our own tecnology. Results obtained for de recycled stack once again at Base Esperanza are also shown (october 2008 to date).Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Mejoras en el sistema autónomo de generación de energía instalado en la Base Esperanza de la Antártida

Un sistema autónomo alimentado con una batería a combustible hidrógeno con tecnología propia estuvo funcionando en la Base Esperanza de la Antártida desde enero de 2007 hasta mayo de 2008, cuando volvió al continente para su reciclado. Describimos aquí la detección del origen de fallas, las mejoras introducidas y los resultados obtenidos en su funcionamiento nuevamente en la Base Esperanza a partir de octubre de 2008 hasta la fecha.An autonomous system powered by a hydrogen fuel cell stack was running at Base Esperanza (Antarctica) since January 2007 until May 2008, when it returned to the continent for recycling. It is described in this work the evidence of detection of failures and the improvements introduced to our own tecnology. Results obtained for de recycled stack once again at Base Esperanza are also shown (october 2008 to date).Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Estudio sistemático del comportamiento de electrodos de acero inoxidable 316L picados con HCl para su uso en electrolizadores bipolares alcalinos

Los electrolizadores alcalinos, combinados con formas limpias de energía primaria (eólica, solar), son una alternativa prometedora para la producción de hidrógeno. Son muchos los sistemas aerogeneradores-electrolizador y paneles fotovoltaicos-electrolizador que se han probado pero la ventaja adicional que presentan los panales solares es que suministran energía eléctrica directamente sin la necesidad de utilizar un conversor. Aunque la tecnología de electrolizadores es bien conocida, todavía deben superarse obstáculos: reducción de consumo energético, costo, mantenimiento, e incremento de eficiencia. Estudiamos en este trabajo el comportamiento de electrodos de acero inoxidable 316L luego de someterlos al tratamiento químico de picado con HCl 1 M. Los resultados preliminares indican que la aplicación del tratamiento al cátodo mejora parámetros como la densidad de corriente en 19% y disminuye la resistencia en 20% con respecto a los electrodos en estado original. En cambio, comparados con los resultados obtenidos cuando se trata solamente el ánodo o ambos electrodos, la mejora es menos significativa.Alkaline electrolysers are a potential alternative to produce hydrogen if they are combined with primary energy sources like wind or solar. There are many systems (wind turbine-electrolyser and photovoltaic generators-electrolyser) that have been proved but the photovoltaic generator has the additional advantage of suppling direct electrical power current to the electrolyser. Although the electrolysers represent a well known technology, the challenges to use them are to reduce energy consumption, cost, and maintenance and increase their performance. In this work, we study the behavior of stainless steel 316L electrodes after applying a pickling treatment with hydrochloric acid 1 M. The preliminary results show that pickling on cathode increases 19% the performance in parameters such as current density and decreases 20% the resistance compared to the electrodes in their original state. Otherwise, if we compare these results with the ones we have obtained by pickling just the anode or both electrodes we find the performance is not lower.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 2: Single-Phase Module

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 2 describes the single-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report, Volume 3: Dual-Phase Module

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE far detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 3 describes the dual-phase module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report, Volume III: DUNE Far Detector Technical Coordination

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay -- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module

The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure