Effects of transcranial photobiomodulation and methylene blue on biochemical and behavioral profiles in mice stress model

Open Access via Springer Compact Agreement. Acknowledgements This article was derived from the MSc dissertation of Mr. Reza Meynaghizadeh-Zargar. Funding The present study was supported by Neurosciences Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (grant number, 58471).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effects of troxerutin on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress in adult male rats

Objective(s):Chronic stress has been linked to the pathophysiology of mood disorders including anxiety and depression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of troxerutin (TRX), as a flavonol, on stress-induced anxiety and depression.Materials and Methods: 56 animals were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8 per group) as follows: control, saline, TRX 50, TRX 150, TRX 300, Diazepam, and Imipramine. Chronic mild stress (CMS) was induced by restraining animals in Plexiglas cylinders for 1 hr each day for 25 consecutive days. Different doses (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg, oral gavage) of troxerutin was gavaged for 14 consecutive days. At the end of treatments, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were tested using elevated plus-maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), and forced swimming test (FST). Results: CMS significantly increased immobility (

Photobiomodulation Therapy and the Glymphatic System: Promising Applications for Augmenting the Brain Lymphatic Drainage System

The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the central nervous system, devoted to drain away waste metabolic products and soluble proteins such as amyloid-beta. An impaired brain glymphatic system can increase the incidence of neurovascular, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy can serve as a non-invasive neuroprotective strategy for maintaining and optimizing effective brain waste clearance. In this review, we discuss the crucial role of the glymphatic drainage system in removing toxins and waste metabolites from the brain. We review recent animal research on the neurotherapeutic benefits of PBM therapy on glymphatic drainage and clearance. We also highlight cellular mechanisms of PBM on the cerebral glymphatic system. Animal research has shed light on the beneficial effects of PBM on the cerebral drainage system through the clearance of amyloid-beta via meningeal lymphatic vessels. Finally, PBM-mediated increase in the blood–brain barrier permeability with a subsequent rise in Aβ clearance from PBM-induced relaxation of lymphatic vessels via a vasodilation process will be discussed. We conclude that PBM promotion of cranial and extracranial lymphatic system function might be a promising strategy for the treatment of brain diseases associated with cerebrospinal fluid outflow abnormality

Therapeutic potential of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a narrative review.

The application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for neuronal stimulation is studied in different animal models and in humans, and has shown to improve cerebral metabolic activity and blood flow, and provide neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Recently, intranasal PBMT (i-PBMT) has become an attractive and potential method for the treatment of brain conditions. Herein, we provide a summary of different intranasal light delivery approaches including a nostril-based portable method and implanted deep-nasal methods for the effective systemic or direct irradiation of the brain. Nostril-based i-PBMT devices are available, using either lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs), and can be applied either alone or in combination to transcranial devices (the latter applied directly to the scalp) to treat a wide range of brain conditions such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u27s disease, Parkinson\u27s disease, cerebrovascular diseases, depression and anxiety as well as insomnia. Evidence shows that nostril-based i-PBMT improves blood rheology and cerebral blood flow, so that, without needing to puncture blood vessels, i-PBMT may have equivalent results to a peripheral intravenous laser irradiation procedure. Up to now, no studies were conducted to implant PBMT light sources deep within the nose in a clinical setting, but simulation studies suggest that deep-nasal PBMT via cribriform plate and sphenoid sinus might be an effective method to deliver light to the ventromedial part of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Home-based i-PBMT, using inexpensive LED applicators, has potential as a novel approach for neurorehabilitation; comparative studies also testing sham, and transcranial PBMT are warranted.FS is on the Scientific Advisory Board and consultant of Niraxx Light Therapeutics Inc., and a consultant of ProNeuroLIGHT LLC. TW was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 713690, and by the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Grant Number 13/RC/2073). PC’s salary was supported by the Harvard Psychiatry Department (Dupont-Warren Fellowship and Livingston Award), by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award) and by the Photothera Inc. unrestricted grant. Drug donation from TEVA. Travel reimbursement from Pharmacia-Upjohn. PC has received consultation fees from Janssen Research and Development. PC has filed a provisional patent related to the use of nearinfrared light in psychiatry. PhotoMedex, Inc. supplied four devices for a clinical study. PC is/has 1. Received unrestricted funding from Litecure Inc. to conduct a study on transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder; 2. Received unrestricted funding from Cerebral Sciences to conduct a study on transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder; 3. Co-founded, member of the board of directors and consultant of Niraxx Light Therapeutics Inc., a company focused on the development of new modalities of treatment based on near-infrared light. MRH was supported by US NIH Grants R01AI050875 and R21AI121700. MRH is on the following Scientific Advisory Boards: Transdermal Cap Inc., Cleveland, - 25 - OH, United States; Photothera Inc., Carlsbad, CA, United States; BeWell Global Inc., Wan Chai, Hong Kong; Hologenix Inc. Santa Monica, CA, United States; LumiThera, Inc., Poulsbo, WA, United States; Vielight, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bright Photomedicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Quantum Dynamics LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States; Global Photon Inc, Bee Cave, TX, United States; Medical Coherence, Boston MA, United States; NeuroThera, Newark, DE, United States; JOOVV Inc., Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN, United States; AIRx Medical, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States; FIR Industries, Inc., Ramsey, NJ, United States; UVLRx Therapeutics, Oldsmar, FL, United States; Ultralux UV Inc, Lansing, MI, United States; Illumiheal & Petthera, Shoreline, WA, United States; MB Laser Therapy, Houston, TX, United States. MRH has been a Consultant for: Lexington int., Boca Raton, FL, United States; USHIO Corp., Japan; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Philips Electronics Nederland B.V.; Johnson & Johnson Inc., Philadelphia, PA; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. MRH is a Stockholder in Global Photon Inc., Bee Cave, TX, United States and Mitonix, Newark, DE, United States. JOD was a paid business consultant for ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, Kerrville, TX, USA. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose

Therapeutic potential of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a narrative review.

The application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for neuronal stimulation is studied in different animal models and in humans, and has shown to improve cerebral metabolic activity and blood flow, and provide neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Recently, intranasal PBMT (i-PBMT) has become an attractive and potential method for the treatment of brain conditions. Herein, we provide a summary of different intranasal light delivery approaches including a nostril-based portable method and implanted deep-nasal methods for the effective systemic or direct irradiation of the brain. Nostril-based i-PBMT devices are available, using either lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs), and can be applied either alone or in combination to transcranial devices (the latter applied directly to the scalp) to treat a wide range of brain conditions such as mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular diseases, depression and anxiety as well as insomnia. Evidence shows that nostril-based i-PBMT improves blood rheology and cerebral blood flow, so that, without needing to puncture blood vessels, i-PBMT may have equivalent results to a peripheral intravenous laser irradiation procedure. Up to now, no studies were conducted to implant PBMT light sources deep within the nose in a clinical setting, but simulation studies suggest that deep-nasal PBMT via cribriform plate and sphenoid sinus might be an effective method to deliver light to the ventromedial part of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Home-based i-PBMT, using inexpensive LED applicators, has potential as a novel approach for neurorehabilitation; comparative studies also testing sham, and transcranial PBMT are warranted.FS is on the Scientific Advisory Board and consultant of Niraxx Light Therapeutics Inc., and a consultant of ProNeuroLIGHT LLC. TW was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 713690, and by the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Grant Number 13/RC/2073). PC’s salary was supported by the Harvard Psychiatry Department (Dupont-Warren Fellowship and Livingston Award), by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award) and by the Photothera Inc. unrestricted grant. Drug donation from TEVA. Travel reimbursement from Pharmacia-Upjohn. PC has received consultation fees from Janssen Research and Development. PC has filed a provisional patent related to the use of nearinfrared light in psychiatry. PhotoMedex, Inc. supplied four devices for a clinical study. PC is/has 1. Received unrestricted funding from Litecure Inc. to conduct a study on transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder; 2. Received unrestricted funding from Cerebral Sciences to conduct a study on transcranial photobiomodulation for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder; 3. Co-founded, member of the board of directors and consultant of Niraxx Light Therapeutics Inc., a company focused on the development of new modalities of treatment based on near-infrared light. MRH was supported by US NIH Grants R01AI050875 and R21AI121700. MRH is on the following Scientific Advisory Boards: Transdermal Cap Inc., Cleveland, - 25 - OH, United States; Photothera Inc., Carlsbad, CA, United States; BeWell Global Inc., Wan Chai, Hong Kong; Hologenix Inc. Santa Monica, CA, United States; LumiThera, Inc., Poulsbo, WA, United States; Vielight, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bright Photomedicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Quantum Dynamics LLC, Cambridge, MA, United States; Global Photon Inc, Bee Cave, TX, United States; Medical Coherence, Boston MA, United States; NeuroThera, Newark, DE, United States; JOOVV Inc., Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN, United States; AIRx Medical, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, United States; FIR Industries, Inc., Ramsey, NJ, United States; UVLRx Therapeutics, Oldsmar, FL, United States; Ultralux UV Inc, Lansing, MI, United States; Illumiheal & Petthera, Shoreline, WA, United States; MB Laser Therapy, Houston, TX, United States. MRH has been a Consultant for: Lexington int., Boca Raton, FL, United States; USHIO Corp., Japan; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Philips Electronics Nederland B.V.; Johnson & Johnson Inc., Philadelphia, PA; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. MRH is a Stockholder in Global Photon Inc., Bee Cave, TX, United States and Mitonix, Newark, DE, United States. JOD was a paid business consultant for ProNeuroLIGHT LLC, Kerrville, TX, USA. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.peer-reviewe

Image_1_Photobiomodulation for the treatment of neuroinflammation: A systematic review of controlled laboratory animal studies.JPG

BackgroundNeuroinflammation is a response that involves different cell lineages of the central nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Among the non-pharmacological interventions for neuroinflammation, photobiomodulation (PBM) is gaining prominence because of its beneficial effects found in experimental brain research. We systematically reviewed the effects of PBM on laboratory animal models, specially to investigate potential benefits of PBM as an efficient anti-inflammatory therapy.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search on the bibliographic databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) with the keywords based on MeSH terms: photobiomodulation, low-level laser therapy, brain, neuroinflammation, inflammation, cytokine, and microglia. Data search was limited from 2009 to June 2022. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The initial systematic search identified 140 articles. Among them, 54 articles were removed for duplication and 59 articles by screening. Therefore, 27 studies met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe studies showed that PBM has anti-inflammatory properties in several conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, edema formation and hyperalgesia, ischemia, neurodegenerative conditions, aging, epilepsy, depression, and spinal cord injury.ConclusionTaken together, these results indicate that transcranial PBM therapy is a promising strategy to treat brain pathological conditions induced by neuroinflammation.</p