Security of Citizens of Bangladesh through Digitalization: A Review

The security of the citizens of Bangladesh through digitalisation is an important issue in the current context In this case digitization facilities especially e-policing will also play a role in online based i e cyber criminal identification Citizens get digital benefits related to the safety of citizens regarding online GDs lost passports certificates bank check-books night guard emergency flights or domestic help Since apocalyptic initiatives involve issues such as national databases such as case docket management crime statistics crime intelligence geo-policing and motor vehicle clearing certificates and GIS mobile crime mapping it contributes significantly to crime reduction in any country including Banglades

ABU RAYHAN AL-BIRUNI’S STUDY OF OTHER RELIGIONS: A CASE ON HINDUISM

Studying other religions is a legacy left by medieval Muslim scholars. As a Muslim scholar, al-Biruni’s Kitab al-Hind was a unique contribution to the study of Hinduism. This study explores al-Biruni’s approaches to studying Hinduism, culture, and civilisation by reviewing related manuscripts and literature. Al-Biruni studied the Hindu scripture in its original language. He investigated Hindu theology and philosophy, their caste system in the society, law and ethics, rituals, and festivals. In Kitab al-Hind, an entire chapter was dedicated to Hindu scriptures which included Veda and Puranas. Concerning religious beliefs and divinity, there were various perceptions between the educated and uneducated people. Murti puja was a form of worship to express love and devotion towards God. However, the educated classes considered that idols were no more than intermediaries, and the idol-worshippers were being deluded from the actual worship of God. The Hindu caste system was established upon religious foundations where every caste used to have their mode of living and daily routine. Furthermore, Hindu rules, guidelines, and religious laws were developed by divine sages called Rishis, who provided laws of murder and theft, punishment of adultery, treatment for prisoners, and inheritance law. Al-Biruni took an objective, in-depth, scientific and authentic approach in presenting Hinduism, which made his work accepted by both Muslim and nonMuslim religious scholars. It is hoped that this paper would offer new perspectives to Muslim scholars on studying other religions, which may consequently enhance religious harmony in a multireligious society.   Keywords: Al-Biruni, Hinduism, religion, comparative religion, Muslim scholar. Cite as: Al Masud, A., & Abdullah, M. F. (2021). Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni’s study of other religions: A case on Hinduism.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(2), 116-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp116-13

Nature and Extent of Crime Victimization: A Study on Urban Area in Bangladesh

This study has mainly explored the current nature and extent of crime victimization in urban areas in Bangladesh. It was exploratory in nature. The samples were selected randomly using a clustered sampling technique from 14 particular areas and respondents who were selected as victimized person or their household heads in this study. A structured and standardized survey questionnaire were used for data collection techniques and using SPSS statistical tools for analyzing data. The findings of the study are that the total number of the respondents was 3,957, among them most of them are female about 53% within 31% of victimized people. Their age ranging from 20 to 40 years, they have completed the primary and secondary level of education, their income below 20,000 and most of them are married and housewife by their occupation among them 8.5% got repeatedly victimized. As per the study findings, theft constitutes the highest number for victimization, where 79% and other types offences including snatching, sexual harassment, domestic violence and also other property related crime, snatching of things or properties, cheating, forgery, or any kind of fraudulent activity, threatening, and damage to property, rape etc were also be found in urban area. Most importantly, Dhaka north city has a higher victimization rate than the other cities in Bangladesh. In this study, it has found that about 95% of the respondents became victimized while living within their current address and most of the victims shared that the incident took place at the town mostly and the places of occurrence were mostly closed to the residence of the victims. The average distance of the place of occurrences and residences was about 4.6 km, and the nearest police station from the place of occurrence was 3.3 km on an average. The study also showed that most of the crimes have occurred within the mid hour of day time to the first hour of the night time, which starts from noon and ends 9 at night, and it constitutes 50 % of the total crime. Finally, it is also revealed that from January to April and November to December of 2018 were more crime-prone than the other months

Underlying the Causes and Impact of Crime Victimization: A Study of Urban Area in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, like all other countries of the world Crime victimization has become a frightening, threatening and unsettling experience for many people. This study tries to trace the causes of different kinds of crime victimization and also tries to find out its impact on victims in relation to urban environment. Based on literature relate to victimization and collecting primary data from urban area’s victim, this study will enable researchers to explore the prevalence of crime in urban area and to identify the causes and impact of crime victimization on victims by analysing the demographic status of victim-offender, measuring the causal variables and several cost likely financial, physical etc. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations including Dhaka city followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized. The study revealed that two-third of the offenders was unknown to the victim. The most common cause of victimization includes self-blaming (lack of awareness or carelessness) remained at the top reason, which constitutes 31 percent of the victim. This victimization has affected victims psychologically, physically and financially including several losses. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies

Socio-Demographic Factors Associate with Fear of Crime in Bangladesh: A Study in Urban Area

Fear of crime is a concerning issue which led to a whole series of behavioral reactions which negatively affect the quality of life in the society. This study examines the public perceptions of the risks and fear of crime in Bangladesh in relation to urban environment. Drawing upon fear of crime literature and collecting primary data this study will enable researchers to explore the nature of the urban fear of crime in Bangladesh and will find association between socio demographic factor and fear of crime by identifying the possible vulnerable time and place of crime victimization; level of safety at the neighborhood and home and identifying factors affecting victim’s level of fear of crime. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized and have a fear of crime. The study found that fear of crime is found to be higher with the stranger; people seem to be feared while in the dark time after 6 pm. Many factors affect the fear of crime such as lengthy procedure of criminal justice system, news of crime at their locality, news of crossfire and poor neighborhood physical condition have impact on fear of crime. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies

EFFECTS OF SOLVENT POLARITY ON SOLVATION FREE ENERGY, DIPOLE MOMENT, POLARIZABILITY, HYPERPOLARIZABILITY AND MOLECULAR REACTIVITY OF ASPIRIN

Objective: The aim of the study is to explore the effects of solvent polarity on solvation free energy, dipole moment, polarizability, first order hyperpolarizability and different molecular properties like chemical hardness and softness, chemical potential, electronegativity, electrophilicity index of aspirin which may lead to better understand the reactivity and stability of aspirin in different solvent systems.Methods: Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) level of theory with 6-31G(d,p) basis set was employed to conduct all type of calculations for both in the gas phase and in solution. The solvation free energy, dipole moment and molecular properties were calculated by applying the Solvation Model on Density (SMD) in four solvent systems namely water, methanol, ethanol and n-octanol.Results: The solvation energies steadily increased as the dielectric constant was decreased i.e. free energy increases with decreasing polarity of the solvent. The dipole moment of aspirin was found to be increased when going from non-polar to polar solvents. The dipole moment of aspirin was higher in different solvents than that of the gas phase. The polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability were also increased with the increasing dielectric constant of the solvent. Moreover, ongoing from non-polar to polar solvent the chemical potential, electronegativity and electrophilicity index were increased except in n-octanol. The chemical potential, electronegativity and electrophilicity index of aspirin in n-octanol was higher than that of ethanol. On the other hand, chemical hardness was increased with decreasing polarity of the solvent and the inverse relation was found in the case of softness.Conclusion: The calculated solvation free energy, dipole moment, polarizability, first order hyperpolarizability and molecular properties found in this study may lead to the understanding of stability and reactivity of aspirin in different solvent systems

Subcutaneous Emphysema in a Psittacine Bird: A Case Report

Background and Aim: Subcutaneous emphysema is an uncommon disorder that involves trapped air under the skin. This most frequently happens in the skin covering the chest, neck, and abdomen. On occasion, though, it can be brought on by a serious accident, an injury, or an infection. It is a condition often causing mild symptoms, but sometimes it can be dangerous and even life-threatening. Case Representation: A 17-month-old parrot had been admitted to the hospital with the symptoms of a swollen abdomen, anorexia, and coughing. Based on the clinical history and physical examination, the diagnosis was made. The problem was treated with a single needle puncture and supportive treatment. On that day, the bird was released, and until it was extricated, there was continuous contact with the owners. Discussion: Subcutaneous emphysema, a relatively uncommon occurrence in Bangladesh, can be caused by a number of factors, including trauma, infection, and fractures. It can be confirmed by radiography or by removing the gas from the enlarged area. This condition can be treated with paracentesis and supportive care, with or without the use of antibiotics. Conclusion: The study’s main goal is an exploration of subcutaneous emphysema that was corrected via paracentesis with supportive treatment

Analysis of India-Nepal Border Region Earthquake Wave for Studying the Layering Information of the Crust

Seismic surface wave group velocity dispersion has computed for India-Nepal border region earthquake of magnitude 5.0 occurred on 28 March 2012 of 23:40:14 UTC by graphical method. A model taking subsurface layer parameters is also constructed to compute the group velocity dispersion by modified Haskell matrix method. Group velocity dispersion by graphical method is then interpreted from model parameters. Sensitivity and the statistical errors of the model are studied and presented in this research. Interpreted crustal structure of the India-Nepal region shows that there are four major subsurface layers of thickness 4.0 km, 8.0 km, 11.0 km and 20.0 km