Transformasi Relasi Gender

Transformation of gender relation provides a construction of a gender sensitiveparadigm. Traditionally in the social and symbolic position women belonged to the privaterecesses of society in family relationships controlled and defned men, in silence. Incontrast to the traditional “man focused perspective feminist analyses evaluates not onlyoutcome but the fundamental concept values and assumption embedded in traditionaltheories which are controlled by men and reflect their concerns “gender sensitive feminismseeks to correct the imbalance and unfairness in gender relation system resulting fromthe implementation of perspective excluding attention to the circumstances of women'sgendered lives. Women struggle to transform their position to be equal to men's positionthere has been many things: there has been a strategy for improving the distribution ofsocial goods between women and men, there has been a goal in its own right, there hasbeen a method of defending women against the worst oppression of women, there hasbeen a way to construct the public (in patriarchal terms) for women, and it terms thatwomen can tolerate

Channels of risk-sharing among Canadian provinces: 1961–2006

This paper incorporates recent developments in the literature to quantify the amount of interprovincial risk-sharing in Canada. We find that both capital market and the federal tax-transfer system play an almost equally important role (about 26 percent each) in smoothing shocks to gross provincial product, while only 18 percent of shocks are smoothed by credit markets. The remaining 30 percent are not smoothed. Our results bring to light the critical role that Alberta plays in trading-off credit market smoothing for more capital market risk-sharing to the rest of Canada. Our pairwise risk-sharing analysis has brought up some interesting questions and arguments that are often neglected in discussions of regional risk-sharing. For example, one aspect of the pairwise analysis sheds light on the assessment of the economic effects of Quebec separation.Risk-sharing; pairwise risk-sharing; federal taxes and transfer; panel data; cross-section dependence.

Manusia Jawa Dalam Islamisasi Jawa Refleksi Filsafat Antropologi Metafisik Terhadap Temuan Ricklefs

Tulisan ini berlatarbelakangi oleh temuan-temuan Ricklefs tentang sejarah Islamisasi Jawa yang karenanya merupakan objek materialnya, yaitu manusia Jawa sejauh ditemukan oleh penelitian Ricklefs. Temuan tersebut akan dijadikan objek formal bagi penelitian kefilsafatan ini, yaitu: bagaimanakah gambaran manusia Jawa dalam sejarah Islamisasi manusia Jawa dan bagaimanakah refleksi filsafat manusia (antropologi metafisik) terhadap temuan tersebut? Dengan pendekatan filsafat antropologi metafisik, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa [1] deskripsi tentang manusia Jawa dalam sejarah Islamisasinya menurut Ricklefs digambarkan dalam tiga kecenderungan atau kategori: pertama, [a] sinkretik-mistis [b] polarisasi masyarakat [c] intensifikasi keagamaan. Sementara [2] Refleksi antropologis metafisik atas temuan tersebut menemukan arti yang lebih dasariah, yaitu terjadinya peristiwa-peristiwa itu sendiri. “Aku bersama yang-lain” merupakan “sejarah konkret” dan real yang sedang berjalan dan dihayati. Manusia Jawa menyejarah; artinya manusia Jawa itu – sebagaimana manusia lainnya dari manapun – bersifat historis. Tidak ada sejarah di luar atau di samping manusia Jawa. Sejarah itu tak lain ialah manusia-yang-berkembang sendiri; sejarah dilaksanakan manusia. Motor ketiga perkembangan kecenderungan dan relasi oponensial yang digambarkan Ricklefs tersebut adalah “otonomi-di-dalam-korelasi”. Namun sebenarnya bukan dasar untuk perkembangan. Perkembangan dan historisitas hanya dapat diterima sebagai fakta belaka. Kemungkinannya hanya dapat diketahui dari adanya; dan tidak memiliki dasar yang lebih mendalam lagi di dalam manusia

Model Epidemik Tuberkulosis Seir dengan Terapi pada Individu Terinfeksi

The spread of tuberculosis (TB) among individuals in the population can be described by the epidemic model, which is a mathematical model that divides the population into four subpopulations i.e. susceptible ( ), exposed ( ), infected ( ), and recovered ( ). The objective of this research is to build an epidemic model for TB transmission by involving total therapy rate ( ) in infected subpopulation. To illustrate the effects of , a numerical simulation with different values of was also carried out using R software. The results showed that the greater value of the total therapy rate, the decrease in the number of in­dividuals in infected subpopulation became faster

Optimal Sizing and Power Management Strategies of Islanded Microgrids for Remote Electrification Systems

Over the past few years, electrification of remote communities with an efficient utilization of on-site energy resources has entered a new phase of evolution. However, the planning tools and studies for the remote microgrids are considered inadequate. Moreover, the existing techniques have not taken into account the impact of reactive power on component sizes. Thus, this thesis concentrates on optimal sizing design of an islanded microgrid (IMG), which is composed of renewable energy resources (RERs), battery energy storage system (BESS), and diesel generation system (DGS), for the purpose of electrifying off-grid communities. Owing to the utilization of both BESS and DGS, four power management strategies (PMSs) are modeled upon analyzing the impacts of reactive power to chronologically simulate the IMG. In this work, two single-objective optimization (SOO) and two multiobjective optimization (MOO) approaches are developed for determining the optimal component sizes in an IMG. Chronological simulation and an enumeration-based search technique are adopted in the first SOO approach. Then, an accelerated SOO approach is proposed by adopting an improved piecewise aggregate approximation (IPAA)-based time series and a genetic algorithm (GA). Next, an adaptive weighted sum (AWS) method, in conjunction with an enumeration search technique, is adopted in a bi-objective optimization approach. Finally, an elitist non-dominated sorting GA-II (NSGA-II) technique is proposed for MOO of the IMG by introducing three objective functions. The enumeration-based SOO approach ensures a global optimum, determines the optimal sizes and PMSs simultaneously, and offers a realistic solution. The accelerated SOO approach significantly reduces the central processing unit (CPU) time without largely deviating the life cycle cost (LCC). The bi-objective optimal sizing approach generates a large number of evenly spread trade-off solutions both in regular and uneven regions upon adopting the LCC and renewable energy penetration (REP) as the objective functions. Using the MOO approach, one can produce a diversified set of Pareto optimal solutions, for both the component sizes and PMSs, at a reduced computational effort. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated by simulation studies in the MATLAB/Simulink software environment

Factors associated with seizure severity among children with epilepsy in Northern Nigeria

Objective: To describe how seizure severity in children with epilepsy may be affected by certain socio-demographic and clinical variablesDesign: A cross-sectional studySetting: At the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, NigeriaParticipants: Sixty children and adolescents who were being followed up for seizure disorder at the child neurology clinicIntervention: Information on socio-demographic characteristics was obtained with a questionnaire, details of neuro-logical co-morbidities were extracted from the participants’ records, and seizure severity was assessed with the Na-tional Hospital Seizure Severity Score 3 tool.Main Outcome Measure: Chi-square test was used to establish the relationship between categorical variables, while the Independent t-test was used in describing the differences between means. Simple linear regression was calculated to assess the predictability of seizure severity.Result: The median age was ten years (IQR = 6-13 years), with a male dominance (1.5:1). The Seizure Severity Score (SSS) ranged between 3 and 24 units, with a mean of 12.22 ± 4.29 units. The only characteristic that had a significant association with SSS on bivariate analysis was the “presence of co-morbidities” (p=0.019). A simple linear regression revealed that the presence of a neurological co-morbidity predicted an increase in the SSS by 2.67 units. [R2 = 0.091, F (1, 58)= 5.837, p = 0.019. ꞵ = 2.67, t= 2.42, p= 0.019.]Conclusion: This study shows that neurological co-morbidities predict worsening seizure severity. This knowledge may influence prognostication and the charting of a treatment trajectory

Self-recruiting species (SRS) in aquaculture : their role in rural livelihoods in two areas of Bangladesh

Self-recruiting species (SRS) are the aquatic animals that do not require repeated stocking in farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) and can be of indigenous or exotic origin (Little, 2002). Current concept of conventional aquaculture greatly underestimated the contribution of SRS to the livelihoods and particularly nutritional security of the poor. The present study examines the role of SRS in poverty focused aquaculture. The role of SRS in aquaculture was evaluated from the perspective of people dependent on them in terms of well-being, gender, resource access and broader livelihoods in the northwest and south-central region of Bangladesh. SRS management practices, already an existing component of aquaculture in FMAS, were explored to define sustainable management strategies that benefited poor. The thesis uses a livelihoods framework within a methodological context of participatory action research at household, community and national level. The process begins with a Participatory Community Appraisal (PCA) in 18 communities with 360 participants which then directs further investigation at household level through survey, longitudinal study farmer and farmer participatory action research over a systematic 4 year investigation from 2001 to 2004. At the PCA stage, the context of livelihoods, importance of popular aquatic animals and their different sources were examined. The more frequently mentioned and higher scored SRS by the communities were Clarias batrachus, Anabas testudineus, Macrobrachium sp., Puntius sp., Heteropneustes fossilis, Channa punctatus, Mystus vittatus, Amblypharyngodon mola, Channa striata, Macrognathus puncalus. The sources of these aquatic animals provided a better understanding of the diverse typology of farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS) and showed the importance of both FMAS and open systems to sustain a self-supporting population of aquatic animals for nutritional security of the poor. Rice and other crop farming, fish culture, livestock and poultry rearing, service and business were found to be common occupations among better off households where as share-cropping, petty trade, fishing, selling agricultural and non-agricultural labour were of greater importance to poorer households. Both gender and well-being affected livelihoods with significant differences in involvement of the better off and poorer. PCA findings were later validated at a national level stakeholder workshop with 138 government, non-government officials, researchers and academics which established a broader understanding of the prospects and constraints of SRS culture and conservation. The baseline survey with 119 households further examined the characteristics and access of key farmers to managed aquatic systems, livelihood assets, vulnerability and the behaviours of households managing SRS. Access to FMAS and SRS are of much greater importance to poorer than to the rich. Positive, negative and neutral attitudes towards managing SRS were not significantly affected by well-being. Access to appropriate types of FMAS, SRS management knowledge, traditional taste, greater involvement in non-farm activities, family need were all associated with the SRS positive attitude. Results from the year round longitudinal study with 50 households focused on the seasonal dynamics of food consumption and its connection to livelihoods in terms of sources, income and expenditure. Aquatic animals are the 3rd most important contributor to the rural Bangladeshi diet after cereal and vegetables by weight and the 2nd most important contributor by price after cereal. FMASs are important source of aquatic animals compared to other sources such as open system, market and given sources (free from neighbours and relatives). SRS were accounts for 52% of the total aquatic animal consumption. Even among some very low income vulnerable groups such as day labourers and rickshaw pullers, SRS was found important in their diet. Poorer households rely significantly more on SRS than richer households. The total amount of SRS consumed by thenhosueholds over the year was strongly correlated with total number of SRS species consumed per year and further emphasised the significance of maintaining biodiversity. The pre monsoon dry period as April and May were low consumption periods in both zones. Rainy and post rainy season July to October were the peak consumption months in the northwest zone and June to November in south-central zone. The year round farmer participatory trial with 29 farmers confirmed the value of SRS within culture systems with lack of any major conflicts in the husbandry of non-stocked species with popular carps in the system which, in the past regarded as weed fish and have been generally excluded from formal aquaculture. The study found a range of species of both commercial and non-commercial SRS have greater significance to the poor than to the richer households particularly in terms of household consumption, income and social value. More deliberate attention towards avoidance of negative actions towards SRS in aquaculture in the lean season may also expand niche benefits for non-pond owners and vulnerable social groups such as fishers. Current investigations also revealed the complementarities of stocked fish particularly during dry months when SRS are less available. In spite of the poor having limited access to ponds, the seasonal scarcity of water in dry seasons and habitat degradation, SRS remains an important and valuable food item for the poor in low income vegetable scarce months. The study recommends future emphasis on the management and conservation of both commercial and non-commercial (mainly for consumption) SRS in FMAS particularly during the lean season and also to maintain the integrity of the permeable nature of FMAS and its linkage with the broader open systems for the sustained availability of such self-recruiting population. Finally the study greatly influenced the perception of utilising both stocked and non-stocked species in formal aquaculture. It is necessary to take urgent steps to avoid negative actions to damage SRS and formulate an integrated approach to water, agriculture, environment and fisheries management to sustain them for current and future nutritional and livelihoods security of the poor.DFID-AFGR