55 research outputs found
Characterization of transport of titanium neutral atoms sputtered in Ar and Ar/N 2 HIPIMS discharges
International audienceIn this work we report on the investigation of the transport behavior of Ti neutral atoms sputtered in a reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering device used for TiN coating deposition. The time-resolved tunable diode laser induced fluorescence (TR-TDLIF), previously developed to study the transport of tungsten atoms, was improved to measure Ti neutral atom velocity distribution functions. We find that the TR-TDLIF signal has to be fitted using three Gaussian distributions, corresponding to the energetic, thermalized, and quasi-thermalized (atoms with non-zero mean velocity) atom populations. The ability to distinguish populations of atoms and to determine their corresponding deposited flux and energy may be of great interest to control film properties as desired for targeted applications. From the fitting, the vapor transport parameters (flux and energy) are calculated and studied as a function of distance from the target, pressure, and percentage of nitrogen in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The study focuses on the effect of added nitrogen on the transport of sputtered atoms
Situations dâapprentissage et activitĂ©s de conception en baccalaurĂ©at technologique « Design et Arts AppliquĂ©s » : reprĂ©sentations et instruments
The secondary school leaving certificate in Science and Technology: Design and Applied Arts prepares pupils to integrate postsecondary design programmes. This curriculum seeks to impart knowledge and understanding of design approaches. The purpose of this study was to investigate how design activity is taught in secondary school â its representations and instruments â and what impact this teaching has on pupilsâ learning â knowledge and skills involved. In an attempt to highlight the impact of the environment on the learning activity and on the skills that the pupil develops, the theoretical framework questions the relationship between activity, instrument, environment, task and skills, design activity, instruments and representations. Three level of study were considered: that of institutional prescriptions, that of the implementation of certain elements related to their recommendations, and that of the actual pupilsâ learning. The study favoured an exploratory analysis based on the observation of real situations in an unambiguous and operational way. The scope of the study was limited to the certification exam âProject in design and applied artsâ (an identical prescription, precisely defined certification constraints). The research design was empirical and used a clinical method which was based on (1) a priori analysis of the task prescribed by the institution and redefined by teachers belonging to three different high schools, and (2) an analysis of the activity of a sample of their pupils. Observation tools were based on the abstention from direct observation. The activities were viewed: through semi-structured interviews conducted with teachers about the mechanism they designed to implement the institutional prescription; through semi-structured interviews conducted with pupils on the tasks they have actually accomplished; through the signs produced by teachers and pupils. The results show that the learning activity is instrumented to a greater extent by the different representations teachers have of the prescribed reference situation than by their representation of a prescribed state of design skills. In addition, although the pupilâs activity was motivated by the obtention of a school leaving certificate and not by the design of artefacts, the pupil develops semiotic and material instruments specific to the activity of students who train to become designers.Dans la formation du baccalaurĂ©at STD2A (Sciences et Technologies du Design et Arts AppliquĂ©s), il nâest pas question dâenseigner Ă des Ă©lĂšves la profession de designer, contrairement aux formations supĂ©rieures, mais de les prĂ©parer Ă intĂ©grer ces formations. Son objectif est de donner plus des Ă©lĂ©ments de comprĂ©hension des dĂ©marches de conception quâune compĂ©tence professionnelle de designer. La finalitĂ© de ce travail est de regarder comment lâactivitĂ© de conception est enseignĂ©e au lycĂ©e (ses reprĂ©sentations et ses instruments) et quelle incidence Ă cet enseignement sur les apprentissages des Ă©lĂšves (les compĂ©tences en jeu). Afin de tenter de mettre en lumiĂšre lâincidence du milieu sur lâactivitĂ© dâapprentissage et sur les compĂ©tences que lâĂ©lĂšve dĂ©veloppe, le cadre thĂ©orique interroge les articulations entre activitĂ©, instrument, milieu, tĂąche et compĂ©tences et activitĂ© de conception, ses outils et ses reprĂ©sentations. Trois niveaux dâĂ©tude sont envisagĂ©s : celui des prescriptions, celui des mises en Ćuvre de certains Ă©lĂ©ments liĂ©s Ă leurs prĂ©conisations, celui des apprentissages effectifs des Ă©lĂšves. La recherche privilĂ©gie une analyse exploratoire basĂ©e sur l'observation de situations rĂ©elles de maniĂšre univoque et opĂ©rationnelle. Le cadre de lâĂ©tude a Ă©tĂ© circonscrit Ă lâĂ©preuve certificative « Projet en design et arts appliquĂ©s » (une prescription identique, des contraintes de certification prĂ©cisĂ©ment dĂ©finies). La mĂ©thodologie est celle de la clinique de cas qui sâappuie (1) sur une analyse a priori de la tĂąche prescrite par lâinstitution et redĂ©finie par des enseignants travaillant dans trois lycĂ©es diffĂ©rents, et (2) sur une analyse de lâactivitĂ© dâun Ă©chantillon de leurs Ă©lĂšves. Les outils dâobservation sont fondĂ©s sur le renoncement Ă une observation directe. Les activitĂ©s sont regardĂ©es Ă travers des entretiens semi-directifs menĂ©s avec les enseignants sur le dispositif quâils conçoivent pour mettre en Ćuvre la prescription, Ă travers des entretiens semi-directifs menĂ©s avec les Ă©lĂšves sur les tĂąches quâils ont rĂ©ellement effectuĂ©es, et Ă travers les signes produits par les uns et les autres. Les rĂ©sultats montrent dâune part, que lâactivitĂ© dâapprentissage est instrumentĂ©e plus par les reprĂ©sentations diffĂ©rentes que les enseignants ont de la situation de rĂ©fĂ©rence prescrite que par leur reprĂ©sentation dâun Ă©tat prescrit de compĂ©tence de conception. Dâautre part, bien que lâactivitĂ© de lâĂ©lĂšve soit motivĂ©e par lâobtention du baccalaurĂ©at et non par la conception dâartefacts, il Ă©labore des instruments sĂ©miotiques et matĂ©riels propres Ă lâactivitĂ© des Ă©tudiants qui apprennent Ă devenir designers
Situations dâapprentissage et activitĂ©s de conception en baccalaurĂ©at technologique « Design et Arts AppliquĂ©s » : reprĂ©sentations et instruments
The secondary school leaving certificate in Science and Technology: Design and Applied Arts prepares pupils to integrate postsecondary design programmes. This curriculum seeks to impart knowledge and understanding of design approaches. The purpose of this study was to investigate how design activity is taught in secondary school â its representations and instruments â and what impact this teaching has on pupilsâ learning â knowledge and skills involved. In an attempt to highlight the impact of the environment on the learning activity and on the skills that the pupil develops, the theoretical framework questions the relationship between activity, instrument, environment, task and skills, design activity, instruments and representations. Three level of study were considered: that of institutional prescriptions, that of the implementation of certain elements related to their recommendations, and that of the actual pupilsâ learning. The study favoured an exploratory analysis based on the observation of real situations in an unambiguous and operational way. The scope of the study was limited to the certification exam âProject in design and applied artsâ (an identical prescription, precisely defined certification constraints). The research design was empirical and used a clinical method which was based on (1) a priori analysis of the task prescribed by the institution and redefined by teachers belonging to three different high schools, and (2) an analysis of the activity of a sample of their pupils. Observation tools were based on the abstention from direct observation. The activities were viewed: through semi-structured interviews conducted with teachers about the mechanism they designed to implement the institutional prescription; through semi-structured interviews conducted with pupils on the tasks they have actually accomplished; through the signs produced by teachers and pupils. The results show that the learning activity is instrumented to a greater extent by the different representations teachers have of the prescribed reference situation than by their representation of a prescribed state of design skills. In addition, although the pupilâs activity was motivated by the obtention of a school leaving certificate and not by the design of artefacts, the pupil develops semiotic and material instruments specific to the activity of students who train to become designers.Dans la formation du baccalaurĂ©at STD2A (Sciences et Technologies du Design et Arts AppliquĂ©s), il nâest pas question dâenseigner Ă des Ă©lĂšves la profession de designer, contrairement aux formations supĂ©rieures, mais de les prĂ©parer Ă intĂ©grer ces formations. Son objectif est de donner plus des Ă©lĂ©ments de comprĂ©hension des dĂ©marches de conception quâune compĂ©tence professionnelle de designer. La finalitĂ© de ce travail est de regarder comment lâactivitĂ© de conception est enseignĂ©e au lycĂ©e (ses reprĂ©sentations et ses instruments) et quelle incidence Ă cet enseignement sur les apprentissages des Ă©lĂšves (les compĂ©tences en jeu). Afin de tenter de mettre en lumiĂšre lâincidence du milieu sur lâactivitĂ© dâapprentissage et sur les compĂ©tences que lâĂ©lĂšve dĂ©veloppe, le cadre thĂ©orique interroge les articulations entre activitĂ©, instrument, milieu, tĂąche et compĂ©tences et activitĂ© de conception, ses outils et ses reprĂ©sentations. Trois niveaux dâĂ©tude sont envisagĂ©s : celui des prescriptions, celui des mises en Ćuvre de certains Ă©lĂ©ments liĂ©s Ă leurs prĂ©conisations, celui des apprentissages effectifs des Ă©lĂšves. La recherche privilĂ©gie une analyse exploratoire basĂ©e sur l'observation de situations rĂ©elles de maniĂšre univoque et opĂ©rationnelle. Le cadre de lâĂ©tude a Ă©tĂ© circonscrit Ă lâĂ©preuve certificative « Projet en design et arts appliquĂ©s » (une prescription identique, des contraintes de certification prĂ©cisĂ©ment dĂ©finies). La mĂ©thodologie est celle de la clinique de cas qui sâappuie (1) sur une analyse a priori de la tĂąche prescrite par lâinstitution et redĂ©finie par des enseignants travaillant dans trois lycĂ©es diffĂ©rents, et (2) sur une analyse de lâactivitĂ© dâun Ă©chantillon de leurs Ă©lĂšves. Les outils dâobservation sont fondĂ©s sur le renoncement Ă une observation directe. Les activitĂ©s sont regardĂ©es Ă travers des entretiens semi-directifs menĂ©s avec les enseignants sur le dispositif quâils conçoivent pour mettre en Ćuvre la prescription, Ă travers des entretiens semi-directifs menĂ©s avec les Ă©lĂšves sur les tĂąches quâils ont rĂ©ellement effectuĂ©es, et Ă travers les signes produits par les uns et les autres. Les rĂ©sultats montrent dâune part, que lâactivitĂ© dâapprentissage est instrumentĂ©e plus par les reprĂ©sentations diffĂ©rentes que les enseignants ont de la situation de rĂ©fĂ©rence prescrite que par leur reprĂ©sentation dâun Ă©tat prescrit de compĂ©tence de conception. Dâautre part, bien que lâactivitĂ© de lâĂ©lĂšve soit motivĂ©e par lâobtention du baccalaurĂ©at et non par la conception dâartefacts, il Ă©labore des instruments sĂ©miotiques et matĂ©riels propres Ă lâactivitĂ© des Ă©tudiants qui apprennent Ă devenir designers
Determination of flux distribution functions of neutral and ionized species in HiPIMS process and correlations with deposited TiN thin layers
La thĂšse sâinscrit dans la problĂ©matique du dĂ©pĂŽt de couches minces en procĂ©dĂ©s de pulvĂ©risation rĂ©active cathodique magnĂ©tron continu basse puissance (R-DC) et pulsĂ© haute puissance (R-HiPIMS). Le mode rĂ©actif consiste Ă ajouter, dans lâargon, un gaz rĂ©actif tels que lâoxygĂšne ou lâazote. Les oxydes et les nitrures ont de trĂšs nombreuses applications industrielles. NĂ©anmoins, les exigences des nouvelles applications nĂ©cessitent de mieux comprendre, contrĂŽler et maĂźtriser les processus fondamentaux gouvernant le transport de la matiĂšre pour optimiser ces procĂ©dĂ©s plasmas. Lâobjectif principal de cette thĂšse est dâĂ©tudier le transport des atomes pulvĂ©risĂ©s de titane (Ti) en mĂ©lange Ar/N2 et dâĂ©tablir des corrĂ©lations avec les propriĂ©tĂ©s des dĂ©pĂŽts de type TiN. La fluorescence induite par diode laser (rĂ©solue en temps dans le cas du procĂ©dĂ© HiPIMS) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour mesurer les fonctions de distribution en vitesse des atomes neutres Ti Ă lâĂ©tat fondamental en fonction de la pression, de la distance par rapport Ă la cible et du mĂ©lange gazeux. Le degrĂ© de libertĂ© supplĂ©mentaire qu'offre la dimension temporelle du plasma HiPIMS a permis de caractĂ©riser leur cinĂ©tique de transport en ayant la possibilitĂ© de sĂ©parer les temps caractĂ©ristiques des diffĂ©rents processus, et de mettre en Ă©vidence trois populations dâatomes (Ă©nergĂ©tique, quasi-thermalisĂ©e et thermalisĂ©e). Les fonctions de distribution en Ă©nergie des ions Ti+ ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es par spectromĂ©trie de masse et des hypothĂšses sont proposĂ©es pour pouvoir expliquer les quatre populations identifiĂ©es. Enfin, les couches minces dĂ©posĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par MEB, DRX et microsonde de Castaing.The growth of thin layers in reactive-direct current magnetron sputtering (R-DC) and reactive-high power impulse magnetron sputtering (R-HiPIMS) processes is the general framework of this PhD. Reactive processes consist in the addition, in argon gas, of a reactive gas such as oxygen or nitrogen, and allow the deposition of oxides and nitrides which have many industrial applications. Nevertheless, the high level of expectations regarding new applications requires a better understanding, controlling, mastering of basic processes governing atoms transport in the view of process optimization. The main goal of this PhD is to study the transport of sputtered titanium atoms (Ti) in Ar/N2 gas mixture and to establish correlations with TiN film properties. Tunable diode laser induced fluorescence technique (time resolved in the case of HiPIMS process) has been developed in order to measure velocity distribution functions of neutral Ti atoms at the ground state, function of the pressure, the distance from the target and the gas mixture. In HiPIMS, the additional degree of freedom, given by time dimension, allowed to characterize their kinetic of transport while at the same time providing the possibility to separate characteristic time scales of different processes. Three atoms populations have been highlighted (energetic, quasi-thermalized and thermalized ones). Energy distribution functions of Ti+ ions have been measured using mass spectrometry and four populations have been observed and explained. Finally, deposited thin films have been analyzed by means of SEM, XRD and electron microprobe methods
Learning situations and design activities in French design and applied arts curriculum : representations and instruments
Dans la formation du baccalaurĂ©at STD2A, il nâest pas question dâenseigner Ă des Ă©lĂšves la profession de designer, contrairement aux formations supĂ©rieures, mais de les prĂ©parer Ă intĂ©grer ces formations. Son objectif est de donner plus des Ă©lĂ©ments de comprĂ©hension des dĂ©marches de conception quâune compĂ©tence professionnelle de designer. La finalitĂ© de ce travail est de regarder comment lâactivitĂ© de conception est enseignĂ©e au lycĂ©e. Le cadre thĂ©orique interroge les articulations entre activitĂ©, instrument, milieu, tĂąche et compĂ©tences et activitĂ© de conception. Le cadre de lâĂ©tude a Ă©tĂ© circonscrit Ă lâĂ©preuve certificative « Projet en Design et AA » . La mĂ©thodologie sâappuie (1) sur une analyse a priori de la tĂąche prescrite par lâinstitution et redĂ©finie par des enseignants travaillant dans trois lycĂ©es diffĂ©rents, et (2) sur une analyse de lâactivitĂ© dâun Ă©chantillon de leurs Ă©lĂšves. Les activitĂ©s sont regardĂ©es Ă travers des entretiens menĂ©s avec les enseignants sur le dispositif quâils conçoivent, Ă travers des entretiens menĂ©s avec les Ă©lĂšves sur les tĂąches quâils ont rĂ©ellement effectuĂ©es, et Ă travers les signes produits par les uns et les autres. Les rĂ©sultats montrent dâune part, que lâactivitĂ© dâapprentissage est instrumentĂ©e plus par les reprĂ©sentations diffĂ©rentes que les enseignants ont de la situation de rĂ©fĂ©rence prescrite que par leur reprĂ©sentation dâun Ă©tat prescrit de compĂ©tence de conception. Dâautre part, bien que lâactivitĂ© de lâĂ©lĂšve soit motivĂ©e par lâobtention du baccalaurĂ©at et non par la conception dâartefacts, il Ă©labore des instruments sĂ©miotiques et matĂ©riels propres Ă lâactivitĂ© des Ă©tudiants qui apprennent Ă devenir designers.The secondary school leaving certificate in Science and Technology: Design and Applied Arts prepares pupils to integrate postsecondary design programmes.The purpose of this study was to investigate how design activity is taught in secondary school. In an attempt to highlight the impact of the environment on the learning activity, the theoretical framework questions the relationship between activity, instrument, environment, task and skills, design activity.The study favoured an exploratory analysis based on the observation of real situations in an unambiguous and operational way. The scope of the study was limited to the certification exam âProject in D and AAâ. The research design was empirical and based on (1) a priori analysis of the task prescribed by the institution and redefined by teachers belonging to three different high schools, and (2) an analysis of the activity of a sample of their pupils. Observation tools were based on the abstention from direct observation. The activities were viewed: through interviews conducted with teachers; through interviews conducted with pupils on the tasks they have actually accomplished; through the signs produced by teachers and pupils. The results show that the learning activity is instrumented to a greater extent by the different representations teachers have of the prescribed reference situation than by their representation of a prescribed state of design skills. In addition, although the pupilâs activity was motivated by the obtention of a school leaving certificate and not by the design of artefacts, the pupil develops semiotic and material instruments specific to the activity of students who train to become designers
Détermination des fonctions de distribution des flux des espÚces neutres et ionisées en procédé HiPIMS et corrélations avec les couches minces de type TiN déposées
Texte intĂ©gral accessible uniquement aux membres de l'UniversitĂ© de LorraineThe growth of thin layers in reactive-direct current magnetron sputtering (R-DC) and reactive-high power impulse magnetron sputtering (R-HiPIMS) processes is the general framework of this PhD. Reactive processes consist in the addition, in argon gas, of a reactive gas such as oxygen or nitrogen, and allow the deposition of oxides and nitrides which have many industrial applications. Nevertheless, the high level of expectations regarding new applications requires a better understanding, controlling, mastering of basic processes governing atoms transport in the view of process optimization. The main goal of this PhD is to study the transport of sputtered titanium atoms (Ti) in Ar/N2 gas mixture and to establish correlations with TiN film properties. Tunable diode laser induced fluorescence technique (time resolved in the case of HiPIMS process) has been developed in order to measure velocity distribution functions of neutral Ti atoms at the ground state, function of the pressure, the distance from the target and the gas mixture. In HiPIMS, the additional degree of freedom, given by time dimension, allowed to characterize their kinetic of transport while at the same time providing the possibility to separate characteristic time scales of different processes. Three atoms populations have been highlighted (energetic, quasi-thermalized and thermalized ones). Energy distribution functions of Ti+ ions have been measured using mass spectrometry and four populations have been observed and explained. Finally, deposited thin films have been analyzed by means of SEM, XRD and electron microprobe methods.La thĂšse sâinscrit dans la problĂ©matique du dĂ©pĂŽt de couches minces en procĂ©dĂ©s de pulvĂ©risation rĂ©active cathodique magnĂ©tron continu basse puissance (R-DC) et pulsĂ© haute puissance (R-HiPIMS). Le mode rĂ©actif consiste Ă ajouter, dans lâargon, un gaz rĂ©actif tels que lâoxygĂšne ou lâazote. Les oxydes et les nitrures ont de trĂšs nombreuses applications industrielles. NĂ©anmoins, les exigences des nouvelles applications nĂ©cessitent de mieux comprendre, contrĂŽler et maĂźtriser les processus fondamentaux gouvernant le transport de la matiĂšre pour optimiser ces procĂ©dĂ©s plasmas. Lâobjectif principal de cette thĂšse est dâĂ©tudier le transport des atomes pulvĂ©risĂ©s de titane (Ti) en mĂ©lange Ar/N2 et dâĂ©tablir des corrĂ©lations avec les propriĂ©tĂ©s des dĂ©pĂŽts de type TiN. La fluorescence induite par diode laser (rĂ©solue en temps dans le cas du procĂ©dĂ© HiPIMS) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour mesurer les fonctions de distribution en vitesse des atomes neutres Ti Ă lâĂ©tat fondamental en fonction de la pression, de la distance par rapport Ă la cible et du mĂ©lange gazeux. Le degrĂ© de libertĂ© supplĂ©mentaire qu'offre la dimension temporelle du plasma HiPIMS a permis de caractĂ©riser leur cinĂ©tique de transport en ayant la possibilitĂ© de sĂ©parer les temps caractĂ©ristiques des diffĂ©rents processus, et de mettre en Ă©vidence trois populations dâatomes (Ă©nergĂ©tique, quasi-thermalisĂ©e et thermalisĂ©e). Les fonctions de distribution en Ă©nergie des ions Ti+ ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es par spectromĂ©trie de masse et des hypothĂšses sont proposĂ©es pour pouvoir expliquer les quatre populations identifiĂ©es. Enfin, les couches minces dĂ©posĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es par MEB, DRX et microsonde de Castaing
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