Analysis of Variance: Coaching Efficacy and Coach-Athlete Relationship in Iranian Sports Leagues

According to many conducted researches, coaches' personality and leadership and behavioral style connect to athletes' performance, motivation and satisfaction. Creating effective and successful relationships between coach and athlete is not easy and also is a thoughtful act and requires coaches' interpersonal and practical skills. Self-efficacy feeling in coaching defines coaches' development, trust, and sureness and capability of influencing each athlete for training and performing. Self-efficacy in coaching has four factors including game strategies use, motivating athletes, coaching technique, and character building. So, the present study has made efforts to explore some variables in athletes and coaches varied groups and to discuss the differences in coach-athlete relationships and also coaches' efficacy by their own personal differences. 92 coaches and 256 athletes, who were cooperated with each other for at least 6 months, were selected as the study sample. Analysis of variance and t test were used to survey the study variables on demographic characteristics. The results showed that demographic characteristics including educational levels and coaches' experience as an athlete are considered significant in exploring closeness and complementary subscales, and sports, coaching background in schools levels, and coaching grades are considered significant in exploring coaching efficacy. By studying athletes, sports explored athlete-coach relationships

Entrepreneurial marketing effects on sport club manager performance (Conceptual Model)

Since sport entrepreneurship has recently been proved critical to the sport industry success, herein, we tested conceptual model of entrepreneurial marketing for sport club managers in Tehran, Iran. In order to assess entrepreneurial marketing, club nature, performance scale, market orientation, and entrepreneurship orientation, standardized methods of measurements were applied. The face and content validity of the research tools were confirmed by experts of sport marketing while the construct validity was affirmed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Structural Equation Modelling (SME) was estimated using partial least squares method in Smart PLS software. Our results demonstrated that except for entrepreneurship orientation, there was a positive and significant relationship between all variables and organizational performance. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship was also detected between all variables, except for market orientation, and entrepreneurial marketing. According to the goodness of fit, the model fitness was good (0.621)

INVESTIGATING THE STATE OF AMBUSH MARKETING IN FOOTBALL AND WRESTLING

One of the modern ways of investing in sports and advertising is through sports. Along with financial backers, the ambush marketing phenomenon has been around for three decades. In Iran, one of the weaknesses is the lack of rules and weakness in the implementation of marketing laws. Football and wrestling are popular sports in Iran and have significant sponsors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of ambush marketing in football and wrestling. The present study is of qualitative type. The statistical population includes 12 professionals: professors of sports marketing, media officials, the Football Federation, and football wrestling and financial support. Research tools are semi-structured interviews and research methods, content analysis and thematic analysis using Nvivo8 software. The research results showed that the term hidden marketing should be used instead of ambush marketing, and strict legislation and heavy financial penalties are required by lawmakers. Although major sporting events such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup are more common in Western countries, we can also use their methods and rules to protect the rights of sponsors and prevent ambush marketing. Article visualizations

Online) An Open Access

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study was to design and codifying ethical regulation in yazd province swimmers. The sample of this study consisted of all Yazd province swimmers, coaches, referees and lifeguarding that were equal to 350 individuals. According to a 75 items self constructive questionnaire for per item one person was needed that due to unavailability to them 200 individual select randomly as a sample. In this study the75 items self constructed questionnaire with 5 likert point was used. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 sport management professors and swimming experts. There is significant difference between mean rates of ethical regulation components. The highest mean is related to integrity, confidentiality and dignity and lowest rate is related to rule of law and respect. Keywords: Design, Codifying, Ethical Regulation, Swimmers INTRODUCTION Enhance physical education and sports science in recent decades, on the one hand expanded functions of sport administrators and on the other hand raised profound ethical issues. New knowledge and practices requires new explanations and rules and the responsibilities and authority in order to explain the basis for this matter in the exercise should inquired of sports ethics. So, the obligation of sport ethic is heavier with increase of human attitudes and more expectations for administrators, coaches, athletes and physical education students are emerged. Today, there are different factors that have influenced the relations of managers, coaches, athletes and sports fan

Sport consumer behaviour model: Motivators and constraints

Sport consumers are the most important component that ensure the continuum of the sport industry. So, it is crucial to understand the factors affecting the Sport Consumer Behaviour (SCB). In this research, we tried to examine the factors that influence the attendance of sport spectators in the national league of basketball and volleyball in Iran. The results showed that internal motivators included success and wining, team support, player support, coach support, sport level support, sports support, and community support; while external motivators were comprised of promotion, media advertisement, player behaviour, excitement, aesthetic, athlete physical skills, role model. Internal constraints were lack of knowledge, lack of success, lack of interest from others, and lack of companionship. The motivators were assigned to those factors that encouraged the attendees and the constraints were considered those that prevented the attendance of fans and consumers. The external constraints and other variables were shown to have insignificant and significant effects, respectively, on sport consumer behaviour. Constrains and motivators of sport consumer behaviour can help the sport marketers for better planning and achieving greater benefits and consumer satisfaction

Nostalgia of sports tourism: with a modeling approach at the individual level of nostalgia through the attitudes and behavioral intentions of young spectators of the premier football league

Background and Aim:  Recent researches list various factors to understand the behavior of sports fans, which include motivation, satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, the aim of the research was to investigate the nostalgia of sports tourism with the approach of modeling at the individual level of nostalgia through the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the spectators of the premier football league. Research method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and its statistical population was all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of the Iranian premier league (N= 500,000). The statistical sample for the individual level model was randomly selected from among all the spectators present at the home games of the football teams of Iran's premier football league, and 518 completed questionnaires were returned. The data collection tool was the revised questionnaire of Chu (2014). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 experts in the field of sports management. The reliability of questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for nostalgia questionnaire α=0.93, attitude α=0.91, behavioral intentions α=0.89. For data analysis, SPSS 20 software package was used to perform descriptive statistics and Lisrel version 0.9 to perform inferential statistics (CFA, SEM). CFA results showed that all the components in the model were confirmed. Results: SEM results showed that nostalgia and its components have a significant effect on the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig<0.05). Nostalgia and its components have a significant relationship with the audience's attitude and behavioral intentions in the individual level model (Sig < 0.05). Attitude did not have a significant mediating role in the relationship between nostalgia and behavioral intentions of the audience at the level of the individual model. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be suggested to sports marketers that by inviting old and legendary players to matches and using them in advertisements, they evoke a sense of nostalgia and strengthen people's attitudes. With this approach, it can be predicted that the attitudes and behavioral intentions of the audience will increase

بررسی ارتباط بین ابعاد شخصیت و تحلیل‌رفتگی شغلی کارکنان اداره کل تربیت بدنی استان کرمانشاه

Background and aim: Human resources are one of the most valuable capitals of every organization. There are a variety of factors that can affect and damage expertise and knowledge. For example, individual differences and personality types can be an important factor in the severity of burnout. This research aims to study the relationship between personality dimensions and job burnout among the employees of physical education administration in Kermanshah province. Methods: Individuals were surveyed by completing questionnaires on job burnout and Eysenck personality characteristics. After data collection and statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software, a multi-variant regression statistic model was used to forecast job burnout through personality characteristics. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between personality characteristics and job burnout at the level of α = 0.01. In other words, it is possible to forecast job burnout through personality characteristics. Conclusion: According to the findings, it is recommended to pay attention to personal characteristics and personality type. Based on that, the possibility of special planning to prevent the occurrence of job tensions due to the mismatch of the individual's characteristics with his/her job to be studied. In this way, the person can do his/her job in a job position commensurate with his personality characteristics.سابقه و هدف: منابع انساني از ارزشمندترين سرمايه­‌هاي هر سازماني محسوب می­‌شوند. عوامل گوناگوني وجود دارد كه مي‌­توانند تخصص و دانش را تحت تاثير خود قرار دهند و به آن لطمه بزنند. به‌­عنوان مثال تفاوت‌هاي فردي و نوع شخصيت افراد مي­‌تواند در شدت بروز تحليل‌­رفتگي عاملی مهم تلقي شود. هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی ارتباط بین ويژگي­‌هاي شخصیت و تحلیل­‌رفتگی شغلی کارکنان اداره کل تربیت بدنی استان کرمانشاه بود. روش کار: برای انجام این پژوهش کارکنان با تکمیل پرسشنامه­‌های تحلیل­‌رفتگی شغلی مزلاچ و ویژگی­‌های شخصیتی آیزنک مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پس از جمع­‌آوری داده­‌ها و آنالیز آماری با استفاده از نرم­‌افزار آماری SPSS، از مدل آماری رگرسیون چندمتغیری جهت پیش­‌بینی فرسودگی شغلی از طریق ویژگی­‌های شخصیتی استفاده شد. یافته­‌ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که ارتباط معنی­‌داری بین ویژگی­‌های شخصیتی با تحلیل­‌رفتگی شغلی در سطح α = 0.01 مشاهده می‌­شود. به عبارتی دیگر، توان پیش­‌بینی تحلیل­‌رفتگی شغلی از طریق ویژگی‌­های شخصیتی وجود دارد. نتیجه­‌گیری: با توجه به یافته­‌های پژوهش توصیه می‌­شود به مشخصات فردي و نوع تيپ شخصيتي افراد توجه خاصی شود تا بر اساس آن امكان برنامه­‌ريزي­‌هاي ويژه جهت پيشگيري از بروز تنش‌­هاي شغلي ناشي از عدم تناسب خصوصيات فرد با شغلش مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گيرد و از اين طريق فرد در موقعيت شغلي متناسب با ويژگي­‌هاي شخصيتي‌اش انجام وظیفه نماید