Quantitative evaluation of predominant of weeds in winter wheat and barley fields in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran | Evaluación cuantitativa de malezas predominantes en campos de trigo y cebada de invierno en Azerbaiyán Oriental, Iran

fields, consisting of 73 winter wheat and 20 winter barley fields were studied. Field products were sampled from stem (midspring) until the end of fruition in different regions of the province. Weeds were counted and identified according to genus and species, and their stage of development was registered. The entire sample contained 136 weed species from 100 Genera, belonging to 28 families. The most frequently encountered weeds were members of the Brassicaceae, with 20 species, Poaceae, with 17 species, and Asteraceae, with 16 species. Of the 136 weed species, the majority (88%) were dicotyledonous, while the remainder was monocotyledonous. Moreover, 78% of the weeds were annual/biennial. The current study revealed predominant weed species in wheat and barley fields of East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Moreover, we demonstrated that proper weed management will substantially help to reduce the damage to wheat and barley fields. Key words: Abundance, density, weed, wheat, barley RESUMEN Con el fin de determinar la densidad y abundancia de las malezas dominantes en la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán, se estudiaron un total de 93 campos (73 de trigo de invierno y 20 de cebada de invierno). Los productos de campo se muestrearon desde el tallo (a mediados de primavera) hasta el final de la fructificación en diferentes regiones de la provincia. Las malezas se contaron e identificaron de acuerdo al género y la especie y se registró su estado de desarrollo. La muestra completa tuvo 136 especies de malezas de 100 géneros, pertenecientes a 28 familias. Las malezas más frecuentemente encontradas fueron los miembros de las Brassicaceae, con 20 especies, Poaceae con 17 especies y Asteraceae con 16 especies. De las 136 especies de malezas, la mayoría (88%) fueron dicotiledóneas, mientras el resto fue monocotiledóneas. Por otra parte, el 78% de las malezas fueron anuales/bianuales. El estudio reveló especies de malezas predominantes en campos de trigo y cebada de la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán. Además, se demostró que el manejo de malezas adecuado contribuirá sustancialmente a reducir el daño a campos de trigo y cebada. Palabras clave: Abundancia, densidad, malezas, trigo, cebad

Lighting Assessment and Effects on Visual Fatigue and Psychological Status of Employees in Damghan Velayat Hospital Wards

Introduction and Aims Insufficient lighting as a physical stressor in work environment may impact on work performance and cause work&ndash;related accidents. This study assessed the illumination and the probable effects on visual fatigue and mental states in Velaiat hospital&rsquo;s personnel of Damghan. Materials and Methods A case study design performed in indoor hospital working areas. Layout and type of luminaires were examined and interior illuminations were measured as proposed by IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America). A questionnaire was used to collect data and descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were conducted. Results Interior lighting measurements showed unacceptable levels of local illumination in 82.3 percent of sections during day light hours and all sections during night hours. General levels of illumination were unacceptable for 83.3 percent of section in day light and all sections in night hours. Uniformity ratios were unacceptable during day and night hours for 91 percent and 83 percent of sections, respectively. There is a significant relation between age and perceived favorable light, visual fatigue and mental states (P < 0.05). We found significant relationships between the lighting type and illumination with visual fatigue and mental states (P < 0.05). Conclusion Insufficient illumination and excessive artificial light may lead to visual fatigue and mental strain. Lighting design should account for acceptable quantity and similarity to daylight. * Corresponding Author: Research Center for Social Determinants of health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Email: [email protected]

Quantitative evaluation of predominant of weeds in winter wheat and barley fields in Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran

In order to determine the density and abundance of dominant weeds in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran, a total of 93 fields, consisting of 73 winter wheat and 20 winter barley fields were studied. Field products were sampled from stem (midspring) until the end of fruition in different regions of the province. Weeds were counted and identified according to genus and species, and their stage of development was registered. The entire sample contained 136 weed species from 100 Genera, belonging to 28 families. The most frequently encountered weeds were members of the Brassicaceae, with 20 species, Poaceae, with 17 species, and Asteraceae, with 16 species. Of the 136 weed species, the majority (88%) were dicotyledonous, while the remainder was monocotyledonous. Moreover, 78% of the weeds were annual/biennial. The current study revealed predominant weed species in wheat and barley fields of East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Moreover, we demonstrated that proper weed management will substantially help to reduce the damage to wheat and barley fields.Con el fin de determinar la densidad y abundancia de las malezas dominantes en la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán, se estudiaron un total de 93 campos (73 de trigo de invierno y 20 de cebada de invierno). Los productos de campo se muestrearon desde el tallo (a mediados de primavera) hasta el final de la fructificación en diferentes regiones de la provincia. Las malezas se contaron e identificaron de acuerdo al género y la especie y se registró su estado de desarrollo. La muestra completa tuvo 136 especies de malezas de 100 géneros, pertenecientes a 28 familias. Las malezas más frecuentemente encontradas fueron los miembros de las Brassicaceae, con 20 especies, Poaceae con 17 especies y Asteraceae con 16 especies. De las 136 especies de malezas, la mayoría (88%) fueron dicotiledóneas, mientras el resto fue monocotiledóneas. Por otra parte, el 78% de las malezas fueron anuales/bianuales. El estudio reveló especies de malezas predominantes en campos de trigo y cebada de la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán. Además, se demostró que el manejo de malezas adecuado contribuirá sustancialmente a reducir el daño a campos de trigo y cebada

Evaluación cuantitativa de malezas predominantes en campos de trigo y cebada de invierno en Azerbaiyán Oriental, Iran

In order to determine the density and abundance of dominant weeds in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran, a total of 93 fields, consisting of 73 winter wheat and 20 winter barley fields were studied. Field products were sampled from stem (midspring) until the end of fruition in different regions of the province. Weeds were counted and identified according to genus and species, and their stage of development was registered. The entire sample contained 136 weed species from 100 Genera, belonging to 28 families. The most frequently encountered weeds were members of the Brassicaceae, with 20 species, Poaceae, with 17 species, and Asteraceae, with 16 species. Of the 136 weed species, the majority (88%) were dicotyledonous, while the remainder was monocotyledonous. Moreover, 78% of the weeds were annual/biennial. The current study revealed predominant weed species in wheat and barley fields of East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Moreover, we demonstrated that proper weed management will substantially help to reduce the damage to wheat and barley fields.Con el fin de determinar la densidad y abundancia de las malezas dominantes en la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán, se estudiaron un total de 93 campos (73 de trigo de invierno y 20 de cebada de invierno). Los productos de campo se muestrearon desde el tallo (a mediados de primavera) hasta el final de la fructificación en diferentes regiones de la provincia. Las malezas se contaron e identificaron de acuerdo al género y la especie y se registró su estado de desarrollo. La muestra completa tuvo 136 especies de malezas de 100 géneros, pertenecientes a 28 familias. Las malezas más frecuentemente encontradas fueron los miembros de las Brassicaceae, con 20 especies, Poaceae con 17 especies y Asteraceae con 16 especies. De las 136 especies de malezas, la mayoría (88%) fueron dicotiledóneas, mientras el resto fue monocotiledóneas. Por otra parte, el 78% de las malezas fueron anuales/bianuales. El estudio reveló especies de malezas predominantes en campos de trigo y cebada de la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental de Irán. Además, se demostró que el manejo de malezas adecuado contribuirá sustancialmente a reducir el daño a campos de trigo y cebada

Potential in the diagnosis of oxidative stress biomarkers in noninvasive samples of urine and saliva and comparison with serum of persons exposed to crystalline silica

Background: Prolonged exposure to crystalline silica (CS) (SiO2) dust enhances the production of reactive oxygen species. In many studies, oxidative stress has been measured in the serum of workers exposed to SiO2dust. Aims: We investigated the body fluids such as urine, saliva, and serum, which can provide very good results for assessing the health status of workers' exposures to SiO2dust. Materials and Methods: The oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated in serum, urine, and saliva of 21 workers who were exposed to SiO2silica crushing factories in the Hamadan city at the west of Iran as a case group and 28 controls. Results: The level of malondialdehyde in serum, urine, and saliva was significantly higher than that in case group compared to controls (22.19 ± 8.70, 9.86 ± 5.43, and 9.41 ± 7.31 nmol/L vs. 7.30 ± 2.22, 6.79 ± 3.21, and 3.93 ± 3.73 nmol/L, respectively). In addition, the total antioxidant capacity in urine (0.23 ± 0.06 vs. 0.29 ± 0.08 mmol/L), as well as catalase in the serum and saliva of case group was lower than that compared to control group (5.46 ± 1.56 and 1.32 ± 0.55 IU/L vs. 12.55 ± 5.72 and 2.32 ± 1.53 IU/L, respectively). Conclusions: The current study indicated that chronic exposure to SiO2affects significantly on the oxidative stress biomarker levels in serum, urine, and saliva in persons exposed. Furthermore, SiO2leads to the induction of oxidative stress and decreases the activity of the antioxidant enzyme

Transient Expression of cor Gene in Papaver somniferum

Introduction: Papaver somniferum is the commercial source of morphine and codeine. The isolation of effective genes involved in the morphine biosynthesis of P. somniferum is very important in the production of specific metabolites achieved using metabolic engineering techniques. In this pathway, the key enzyme COR is involved in the conversion of codeinone to codeine and morphinone to morphine. Methods: the gene encoding of this enzyme was isolated using primers designed on the base of gene sequence available on (NCBI) for P. somniferum. This gene correct size around (960 bp) was first subcloned into pTZ57RIT vector then cloned into expression vectors (pBI121) between BamHI and SacI sites to allow the expression of cor gene driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The result was confirmed through different molecular methods e.g. PCR and enzyme digestion by BamHI and SacI. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into the E. coli strain DH5α using a freeze-thaw method. Having selected positive colones on selection medium, plasmid was extracted by miniprep method and recombinant plasmids were selected based on PCR and digestion. The construct was then mobilized in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58/pGV3850 (KmR RifR). After gene transformation to P. somniferum plants, the agroinfiltration method was also used for transient expression of COR enzyme. Results: evaluation results showed that morphine and codeine were detectable in the leaves of transgenic plants containing cor transgene and there was significant difference in the final production. After completing this experiment for three times, results showed that in 11 sets from 15 sets of leaves experiment tested, main alkaloids (codeine, morphine, papaverin, noscapine and thebaine) were detectable. Conclusion: Whereas no signal was detected in non-infiltrated control leaves or in leaves infiltrated with non-recombinant bacteria for morphine and codeine, others such as thebaine and papaverine were detectable