5,215 research outputs found
Four Dimensional Quantum Yang-Mills Theory and Mass Gap
A quantization procedure for the Yang-Mills equations for the Minkowski space
is carried out in such a way that field maps satisfying
Wightman axioms of Constructive Quantum Field Theory can be obtained. Moreover,
by removing the ultra violet cut off, the spectrum of the corresponding QCD
Hamilton operator is proven to be positive and bounded away from zero, except
for the case of the vacuum state, which has vanishing energy level. The whole
construction is gauge invariant. The particles corresponding to all solution
fields are bosons. As expected from QED, if the coupling constant converges to
zero, then so does the mass gap. The results are proved first for the model
with the bare coupling constant, and then for a model with a running coupling
constant by means of renormalization.Comment: With respect to the preceding version of this paper, the gauge
invariance of the construction has been proved and the construction of the
probability measure making the Hamiltonian QCD selfadjoint has been rewritten
with more clarit
Managing the island territory : a historical perspective on sub-state nationalism in Corsica and Sardinia
Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy) are two islands of the western Mediterranean basin separated by a narrow strait. They share a problematic relationship with the mainland states to which they are associated, and from which they obtained their status of subnational island jurisdiction (SNIJ). The metropole/island relationship of these two islands is characterized by centrifugal tensions and the presence of sub-state nationalisms. These movements are different in terms of characteristics, strategies and electoral results, because of how France and Italy have managed the integration of the two islands, how the two island nationalisms have evolved, and how both metropolitan states have dealt with them. This article proposes a comparative history of Sardinian and Corsican nationalism and the relationship of Italy and France with these island territories. The intention is to analyse the two nationalisms, based almost exclusively on political science, with an historical perspective, highlighting the impact caused by the central states’ attitudes. In this way, the article points out how the differences between the political context of the two islands is defined by the different approach taken by France and Italy in managing their island territories.peer-reviewe
Numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation: X-ray spectral formation from cylindrical accretion onto a magnetized neutron star
Predicting the emerging X-ray spectra in several astrophysical objects is of
great importance, in particular when the observational data are compared with
theoretical models. To this aim, we have developed an algorithm solving the
radiative transfer equation in the Fokker-Planck approximation when both
thermal and bulk Comptonization take place. The algorithm is essentially a
relaxation method, where stable solutions are obtained when the system has
reached its steady-state equilibrium. We obtained the solution of the radiative
transfer equation in the two-dimensional domain defined by the photon energy E
and optical depth of the system tau using finite-differences for the partial
derivatives, and imposing specific boundary conditions for the solutions. We
treated the case of cylindrical accretion onto a magnetized neutron star. We
considered a blackbody seed spectrum of photons with exponential distribution
across the accretion column and for an accretion where the velocity reaches its
maximum at the stellar surface and at the top of the accretion column,
respectively. In both cases higher values of the electron temperature and of
the optical depth tau produce flatter and harder spectra. Other parameters
contributing to the spectral formation are the steepness of the vertical
velocity profile, the albedo at the star surface, and the radius of the
accretion column. The latter parameter modifies the emerging spectra in a
specular way for the two assumed accretion profiles. The algorithm has been
implemented in the XSPEC package for X-ray spectral fitting and is specifically
dedicated to the physical framework of accretion at the polar cap of a neutron
star with a high magnetic field (> 10^{12} G), which is expected to be typical
of accreting systems such as X-ray pulsars and supergiant fast X-ray
transients.Comment: 13 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in A&
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