Deformities in larvae and juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) exposed to lower pH at two different temperatures

The ongoing warming and acidification of the world's oceans are expected to influence the marine ecosystems, including benthic marine resources. Ocean acidification may especially have an impact on calcifying organisms, and the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is among those species at risk. A project was initiated in 2011 aiming to investigate long-term effects of ocean acidification on the early life-cycle of lobster under two temperatures. Larvae were exposed to pCO2 levels of ambient water (water intake at 90 m depth), medium 750 (pH = 7.79) and high 1200 μatm pCO2 (pH = 7.62) at temperatures 10 and 18 °C. The water parameters in ambient water did not stay stable and were very low towards the end of the experiment in the larval phase at 10 °C,with pH between 7.83 and 7.90. At 18°, pH in ambient treatment was even lower, between 7.76 and 7.83, i.e. close to medium pCO2 treatment. Long-term exposure lasted 5 months. At 18 °C the development from stage 1 to 4 lasted 14 to 16 days, as predicted under optimal water conditions. Growth was very slow at 10 °C and resulted in three larvae reaching stage 4 in high pCO2 treatment only. There were no clear effects of pCO2 treatment, on either carapace length or dry weight. However, deformities were observed in both larvae and juveniles. The proportion of larvae with deformities increased with increasing pCO2 exposure, independent of temperature. In the medium treatment about 23% were deformed, and in the high treatment about 43% were deformed. None of the larvae exposed to water of pH >7.9 developed deformities. Curled carapace was the most common deformity found in larvae raised in medium pCO2 treatment, irrespective of temperature, but damages in the tail fan occurred in addition to a bent rostrum. Curled carapace was the only deformity found in high pCO2 treatment at both temperatures. Occurrence of deformities after five months of exposure was 33 and 44% in juveniles raised in ambient and low pCO2 levels, respectively, and 21% in juveniles exposed to high pCO2. Deformed claws were most often found in ambient and medium treatment (56%, followed by stiff/twisted walking legs (39%) and puffy carapace (39%). In comparison, at high pCO2 levels 71% of the deformed juveniles had developed a puffy carapace. Overall, about half of the deformed juveniles from the ambient and medium pCO2 treatment displayed two or three different abnormalities; 70% had multiple deformities in the high pCO2 treatment. Some of the deformities in the juveniles may affect respiration (carapace), the ability to find food, or sexual partners (walking legs, claw and antenna), and ability to swim (tail-fan damages)

ANALISIS PERILAKU ANTISOSIAL PADA KOMUNITAS PUNK DI KOTA BANDUNG

Di Kota Bandung sebagai salah satu kota besar di Indonesia, Punk tumbuh dan berkembang dengan cukup cepat dalam masyarakat. Macam-macam pemaknaan negatif sering dicapkan kepada para punker. Seperti bersikap antisosialdan melakukan perilaku-perilaku menyimpang yang meresahkan dan merugikan anggota masyarakat lain. Beberapa perilaku antisosial dan penyimpangan tercermin dari sikap mereka yang introvert, asosial, cenderung agresif, seringnya melakukan perilaku menyimpang, dan acuh terhadap nilai dan norma sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran perilaku, faktor penyebab, serta implikasi keberadaan mereka terhadap kehidupan masyarakat.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Menggunakan wawancara dan observasi sebagai alat pengumpul data. Perilaku antisosial sejatinya ditunjukan oleh para punker, hal ini ditunjukan oleh sikap dan perilaku yang tampak seperti cara berpenampilan seorang punkeryang sangat berbeda dibanding dengan masyarakat pada umumnya, pola perilaku keseharian yang tidak sesuai dengan nilai dan norma yang berlaku seperti sikap yang cenderung agresif, seringnya mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol, terlibat perkelahian, penyalahgunaan obat-obatan dan acuh terhadap nilai dan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat.Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya perilaku penyimpangan dan sikap antisosial ini dilatar belakangi oleh kondisi keluarga Broken Home, lingkungan sosial individu yang bisa dengan mudah menemui perilaku menyimpang, teman sepermainan dan pendidikan yang rendah. Selain itu juga ada faktor-faktor lain yang mendukung munculnya perilaku tersebut seperti pengaruh media massa, keinginan diri untuk dipuji, pelampiasan rasa kecewa, faktor dorongan kebutuhan ekonomi, serta adanya ketidaksanggupan individu untuk menyerap norma-norma konformis.Keberadaan dari para punker ini berdampak pada kehidupan masyarakat baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Dampak secara langsung tersebut diantaranya adalah adanya perasaan takut yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat akibat dari adanya beberapa perilaku mereka yang bisa dikategorikan mengancam, seperti seringnya bergerombol dalam jumlah banyak, mengamen dengan cara paksa, dan melakukan pemalakan. Implikasi lain yang muncul dari komunitas punk ini selain dirasakan secara langsung ada pula beberapa hal yang bersifat tidak langsung, diantaranya adalah dengan cara hidup mereka yang menjunjung tinggi kebebasan dan hidup seolah-olah tidak terikat oleh sistem norma yang berlaku dimasyarakat, para generasi tua memiliki semacam ketakutan bila hal tersebut akan berimplikasi terhadap ideologi pada generasi muda yang sejatinya masih dalam tahap pencarian jati diri kemudian terjerumus pada pola kehidupan yang mereka lihat dari komunitas Punk tersebut Kata Kunci : Punk, Antisosial, Perilaku Menyimpang Bandung as one of big cities in Indonesia . Punk has been growing and developing rapidly in society. punker often look as a bad behavior. Such as antisocial and do a deviate behavior that make another citizen feel uneasiness and suffer. Some antisocial and deviate behavior can reflected from their introvert, asocial, aggressive disposed, often do the deviate behavior, and ignoring about social value and norm. This research purposes are to knowing how the representation of behavior, causes factor, and their existence implication toward society. This research uses case study with qualitative approach. This research is using interview and observation as tools for collecting data. The antisocial behavior often represented by punkers. This thing represented by attitude and behavior that appear like clothing style which very different with another citizen. Behavior pattern in daily live that inappropriate with value and norm such as aggressive disposed, often consume alcohol, affray, drugs abuse and ignoring about social value and norm in society, the influence factors of deviate and antisocial behavior are caused by broken home family, social individual environment that could be easy faced deviate behavior, friends and lower education. Besides of that there are other factors which supporting deviate behavior such as mass media influence, feel to be praised, impingement of disappointed, economical needed factor, and individual disability to pervade conformist norm . The existence of punkers give directly and indirectly impact to society live. . Directly impact there are: society feel afraid to the punkers because some of their attitude are threat categorized such as they are often look in group in a large number . Busking forcedly, asking some money with threat. Another implication that arise from this punk community also felt indirectly there are with their lifestyle that hold in the high esteem of freedom and their live unbounded by norm in society, old generations feel afraid if that thing will implicating toward young generations’ ideology that they are still in stage where they are looking for who really they are then fall into live pattern that they see from punk community. Keywords: Punk, Antisocial, Deviatio

Geographic variation in gene flow from a genetically distinct migratory ecotype drives population genetic structure of coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Identifying how physical and biotic factors shape genetic connectivity among populations in time and space is essential to our understanding of the evolutionary trajectory as well as the management of marine species. Atlantic cod is a widespread and commercially important marine species displaying several ecotypes with different life history strategies. Using three sets of SNPs: neutral, informative, and genome-inversion linked, we studied population genetic structure of ~2500 coastal Atlantic cod (CC) from 40 locations along Norway's 2500 km coastline, including nine fjords. We observed: (1) a genetic cline, suggesting a mechanism of isolation by distance, characterized by a declining FST between CC and North East Arctic Cod (NEAC—genetically distinct migratory ecotype) with increasing latitude, (2) that in the north, samples of CC from outer-fjord areas were genetically more similar to NEAC than were samples of CC from their corresponding inner-fjord areas, (3) greater population genetic differentiation among CC sampled from outer-fjord areas along the coast, than among CC sampled from their corresponding inner-fjord areas, (4) genetic differentiation among samples of CC from both within and among fjords. Collectively, these results permit us to draw two main conclusions. First, that differences in the relative presence of the genetically highly distinct, migratory ecotype NEAC, declining from north to south and from outer to inner fjord, plays the major role in driving population genetic structure of the Norwegian CC. Second, that there is limited connectivity between CC from different fjords. These results suggest that the current management units implemented for this species in Norway should be divided into smaller entities. Furthermore, the situation where introgression from one ecotype drives population genetic structure of another, as is the case here, may exist in other species and geographical regions, thus creating additional challenges for sustainable fisheries management.publishedVersio

Report from a field study 7/9 - 11/9 1992. Bridlington Bay

In cooperation with Dr. C. Bannister and Mr. A. Lawler, both MAFF, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, the team from the Norwegian Lobster Enhancement Project, Inst. of Marine Research, conducted a field study in Bridlington Bay, 7-11 Sept. 1992. The team were given an introduction to local lobster fishing techniques. Genetic samples and morphometric measurements were taken. Two under water surveys were carried out in Bridlington Bay, by both monitoring the bottom by visual inspection and video recorder

Large scale release experiment of juvenile lobsters, Homarus gammarus, in Norway

A large scale spring release of juvenile lobsters, Homarus gammarus, was conducted at Kvitsøy, southwestern Norway in March 1990. The lobsters, 14,700 one and a half year old and 8,700 six months old, were tagged internally with coded microtags at the hatchery. The lobsters were transported by road and air to the release site and acclimated to sea water of 6 °C, 15 to 60 minutes prior to release. The lobsters were released from small boats in shallow water, with about one lobster per m2 shoreline. Under water video takings showed that the lobsters were alert, but very calm after release. They moved into shelter within the first hour. No inter-specific aggression or predator fish were observed

Studies on environmental conditions and influence on salmon farm production

The study was undertaken to investigate how environmental conditions influence growth of Atlantic salmon, and how different sub groups of salmon respond to different environment. The fish were raised at five different marine fish farms, and environmental conditions, growth and management were controlled routineously. The fish farms had different environmental conditions with regard to concentration of oxygen of ammonium. There were no simple connection between environment and growth. Farm management seems to be the most important single factor controlling growth. In several cases significant differences in family ranking between the fish farms were detected

Amerikansk hummer i Norge: Harmløst tilskudd i den norske fauna eller potensiell kilde til genetisk forurensning og nye sykdommer?

I 2009 og 2010 mottok Havforskningsinstituttet flere amerikanske hummere fanget i Norge som hadde tydelige skader i skallet. Skadene ligner en skallsykdom som er funnet på amerikansk hummer i USA og Canada, og er ikke tidligere observert i Norge. En av de syke hummerne hadde egg, og DNAanalyser avslørte at faren er en europeisk hummer. Dette er første gang det er bevist at disse to artene kan parre seg i naturen

Allozyme variation in european lobster (homarus gammarus) throughout its distribution range

The European lobster, Homarus gammarus, is a high value species, which is widely distributed from the northern part of Norway to Morocco in North Africa. It is also found throughout the Mediterranean including the Aegean Sea. Knowledge of the genetic structure is necessary for rational management of exploited species. As part of a comprehensive genetic investigation of European lobster (EU-project "Genetics of European Lobster"), 1514 lobsters from 14 locations were analysed for six polymorphic allozyme loci. Despite generally low levels of genetic differentiation (overall F(ST) = 0.016), the tests for population differentiation revealed highly significant values for all loci investigated. In particular, the lobsters from three areas including northern Norway, the Netherlands, and Aegean Sea in the Mediterranean were genetically different from lobsters from other regions. Lobsters from northern Norway have 30% of the genetic diversity observed in the samples from other areas, and polymorphism was only detected at the IDHP-1* locus. A new slow-moving allele at the GPI-1* locus was found in the samples from the Aegean Sea. Pairwise FST comparisons, as well as a UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei\u27s genetic distance (calculated from allele frequencies across the six loci investigated), confirm the separate main groupings