Urban Climate, Human behavior & Energy consumption: from LCZ mapping to simulation and urban planning (the MapUCE project)

International audienceThe MApUCE project aims to integrate in urban policies and most relevant legal documents quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy.The primary objective of this project is to obtain climate and energy quantitative data from numerical simulations, focusing on urban microclimate and building energy consumption in the residential and service sectors, which represents in France 41% of the final energy consumption. Both aspects are coupled as building energy consumption is highly meteorologically dependent (e.g. domestic heating, air-conditioning) and heat waste impact the Urban Heat Island. We propose to develop, using national databases, a generic and automated method for generating Local Climate Zones (LCZ) for all cities in France, including the urban architectural, geographical and sociological parameters necessary for energy and microclimate simulations.As will be presented, previous projects on adaptation of cities to climate change have shown that human behavior is a very potent level to address energy consumption reduction, as much as urban forms or architectural technologies. Therefore, in order to further refine the coupled urban climate and energy consumption calculations, we will develop within TEB (and its Building Energy Module) a model of energy consumer behavior.The second objective of the project is to propose a methodology to integrate quantitative data in urban policies. Lawyers analyze the potential levers in legal and planning documents. A few “best cases” are also studied, in order to evaluate their performances. Finally, based on urban planning agencies requirements, we will define vectors to include quantified energy-climate data to legal urban planning documents. These vectors have to be understandable by urban planners and contain the relevant information.To meet these challenges, the project is organized around strongly interdisciplinary partners in the following fields: law, urban climate, building energetics, architecture, sociology, geography and meteorology, as well as the national federation of urban planning agencies.In terms of results, the cross-analysis of input urban parameters and urban micro-climate-energy simulated data will be available on-line as standardized maps for each of the studied cities. The urban parameter production tool as well as the models will be available as open-source. LCZ and associated urban (and social!) indicators may be integrated within the WUDAPT database

"Architecture,<br />société et paysage Bétammaribé au Togo - Contribution à l'anthropologie<br />de l'habitat"

CD-ROM interactif complément à l'ouvrage "Architecture,société et paysage Bétammaribé au Togo - Contribution à l'anthropologiede l'habitat" - Guy-Hermann PADENOU, Monique BARRUÉ-PASTOR - 2006 -PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DU MIRAIL - ISBN : 2-85816-872-5Ce CD-ROM interactif complète le propos de l'ouvrage grâce à untrès riche corpus photographique et vidéographique. Quatre entréesthématiques (territoire, paysage, architecture et société) permettentd'accéder à des assemblages panoramiques paysagers, des maquettesnumériques en 3D, des animations volumétriques de l'architecture ainsiqu'à la reconstitution animée des étapes de la construction, dessimulations paysagères, etc

GENIUS, a methodology to integer building scale data into urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling

International audienceAccurate simulation of the city energy balance requires studying the thermal behaviour of buildings and therefore requires knowing many details: at least the buildings geometries, their envelope materials and surroundings ground covering. For instance, information on shape and location of a building are useful to assess the performance of solar panels; information on the materiality of the facades, make it possible to estimate solar gains through the windows and therefore to perform building energy balance simulations (Masson, 2000); etc. Consequently, several recent research works have been aiming to integer building scale data into urban scale simulations (microclimate, energy consumption of buildings at the city scale, energy production, etc.). Among those researches, we can quote the WUDAPT project (Ching, 2012) aiming to define a worldwide building database based on the LCZ classification of urban forms (Stewart & Oke, 2009). 2. Problematics The main issue in integrating this type of information to urban scale simulations is the lack of precision of the available data for buildings (Ching et al., 2009). If a limited number of buildings can be very precisely described (through existing Building Information Model (BIM) for instance (Ferries et al., 2014), but also through historical studies or architectural inventories), the data at the city scale remains broadly heterogeneous. In this paper, we will present how we used those localized descriptions of buildings to enrich existing urban database existing at national scale in the context of the MApUCE project (a French research program that aims to integrate quantitative data from urban microclimate, climate and energy in urban policies). 3. Method Our working method, called GENIUS (GENerator of Interactive Urban blockS), was to perform a literature review combined with interviews of urban planners to characterize a typology of urban forms in the whole French territory, and to associate it with a wide database. The key theme of our work concerns the integration of building scale data into urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling. It leads us to formulate the question "how can we characterize the building scale in oder to update, and to make full use of urban simulation tools ?" To answer this question, we have broken down our work into three consecutive sections:-The first section interview urban planners about the differents urban typologies in France. Our aim is to take in account the vision of designers operating processes, in order to identify a system of ranking of urban typology .-The second section covers existing buildings database for identify, characterize intangible datas, such as buildings use, date of construction and buildings location. The aim of this analysis is to create the conditions for identify representative buildings in France.-The third section defines the building scale data. It is supported by a bibliographical study of building materials and systems, architecture and building cultures, conservation, etc. and is aimed at reaching an understanding of how information on building scale can be used for urban simulation tools. To conclude, we define different paths to be developed with the aim of improving the link between scale building data and urban microclimate and energy consumption modelling.

GENIUS: A tool for multi-disciplinary and multi-scalar databases

International audienceCities are responsible for the majority of energy consumption on the planet. As a consequence, researches regarding energy use in urban context have been increasing for the last decades. Recently the interrelationship between city, energy consumption and urban microclimate appeared as a key component of urban sustainability.To be accurate, those studies must take into account a multidisciplinary urban context and modelling tools need high definition data. Nevertheless, at the city scale, input data is either imprecise or only available for small areas. In particular, there is a lack of information about buildings footprints, roofs sloping, envelope materials, etc. Moreover, the existing data do not allow researchers to explore prospective issues such as climate change or future urban development.In this sense, we developed a new tool called GENIUS (GENerator of Interactive Urban blockS) to build high definition and evolutionary maps from available databases. GENIUS creates maps composed of archetypical neighbourhood coming as shape-files of polygons with additional information (height, age, use, thermal insulation, etc.). Those archetypical neighbourhoods come to seven types of urban blocks that can be found in most European cities. Those types can be compared with Stewart and Oke Local Climate Zones (LCZ). The first step of our method is to transform an existing map into an “archetypical map”. To do this, the urban database of the IGN (French Geographical Institute) was used. The maps were divided into cells of 250 meters resolution. For each cell, about 40 morphological indicators were calculated. Seven groups of blocks were then identified by means of Principal Component Analysis. GENIUS databases are also able to evolve through time. As a matter of fact, the initial map is transformed, year after year, by taking into account changes in density and urban history. In that sense, GENIUS communicates with NEDUM, a model developed by the CIRED (International Centre for Environment and Development), that simulates the spread of the city and provides information on build density. Under the influence of those density evolutions and of different urban planning scenarios, GENIUS changes the type of urban blocks and their parameters (height, plot ratio, thermal properties, etc.). The paper will present the validation of GENIUS and its application on the French city of Toulouse. Six scenarios have been designed taking into account demographic evolutions, economic contexts and urban planning policies. For each of those scenarios, we generated maps of the city and its surroundings from 2010 to 2100.The obtained maps enabled us to come up with simulations of Toulouse energy consumptions and microclimate both present and future

Influence of context-sensitive urban and architectural design factors on the energy demand of buildings in Toulouse, France

International audienc

Des bases de données urbaines aux simulations énergétiques - Le projet MApUCE

International audienceUrban energy is a domain that covers many complex processes thatinteract at all scales of the city: the microclimate (the heat island effect), building energy consumption for heating or cooling, inhabitants’behav-ior, renewable energyproduction, etc. Few tools take account ofthis level of complexity atthis scale, making the adaptation and mitigation to climate change very difficult to integrate into urban policies and design practices.Within the MApUCEresearch project, which proposes a methodology to carry out simulations of these urban energy processes across all towns and cities in France, we have developed an approach whose objective is to obtain accurate data onbuildings’characteristics andmaterials. It is based on the implementationof an auto-matic method for determining the architectural and urban typologies for all cities of France and an architectural and historical database.The method for determining the typologiesis a comprehensive and automated methodto identify urban typolo-gies at the building and the city block scales. The method usesmorphologicalor sociodemographicindicators (determined from national databases)and makes a classification implementing a supervised learning method based on the "Random Forest".These typologies are coupled with the architectural database’s information, through the indication of the buildings’usage, their date of construction and geographical location allowing to characterize each of the buildings in terms of materiality (albedo, constructive system thermal insulation, etc.), and HVAC systems.L'énergétique urbaine est un domaine qui couvre de nombreux pro-cessus complexes interagissant à toutes les échelles de la ville : le microclimat (l'effet d'îlot de chaleur), la consommation énergétique des bâtiments pour le chauffage ou la climatisation, les comportements énergétiques des habitants, la production d'énergie renouvelable, etc. Peu d'outils tiennent compte de ce ni-veau de complexité à cette échelle, rendant l'adaptation et l'atténuation aux changements climatiques très difficiles à intégrer dans les politiques urbaines ou les pratiques de conception. Au sein du projet de recherche MApUCE, qui propose une méthodologie pour effectuer des simulations de ces processus d'énergétique urbaine à l'échelle de toutes les communes et villes de France, nous avons développé une approche dont l'objectif est de pouvoir obtenir des données précises sur les caractéristiques et les matériaux des bâtiments. Elle est basée sur la mise en oeuvre d'une méthode de détermination automatique des typologies architecturales et urbaines pour toutes les villes de France et d'une base de données architecturale et historique. La méthode de détermination des typologies est une méthode globale et automa-tisée, dérivée de GENIUS, pour identifier les typologies urbaines à l'échelle du bâtiment et de l'îlot urbain. Elle utilise des indicateurs morphologiques ou so-ciodémographiques (eux-mêmes déterminés à partir des bases de données natio-nales) et réalise une classification mettant en oeuvre une méthode d'apprentissage supervisé basée sur les « Random Forest ». Ces typologies sont croisées avec les informations de la base de données archi-tecturale, au travers de l'indication de l'usage des bâtiments, leurs dates de construction et leur localisation géographique permettant ainsi de caractériser chacun des bâtiments en terme de matérialité (albédo, système constructif, isolation thermique, etc.) et de systèmes CVC

Architectural Archetypes Database – Propositions for WUDAPT

International audienc

Etude numérique de l’impact des îlots de fraicheur urbains sur le confort du piéton – Application à l’aménagement du quartier de Montaudran à Toulouse

International audienc

Creating Urban Cool Islands effects for summer season in Toulouse new area

International audienc