Importância do canal acústico para o peixe ciclídeo Metriaclima zebra em condição de baixa luminosidade

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Biologia.Os peixes podem ser solitários ou viver em cardumes mais ou menos hierarquizados. Neste ultimo caso, existe uma necessidade maior de comunicação entre os indivíduos e esta comunicação pode se dar através de diversos canais, entre eles o canal acústico. Os ciclídeos, como Metriaclima zebra, produzem sons no contexto da reprodução e de interações agonísticas, porém a variação diária dessa produção sonora é ainda pouco estudada. O objetivo desse estudo foi, num primeiro momento, descrever, em laboratório, as atividades comportamentais e a produção sonora ao longo de um nictêmero para Metriaclima zebra. Filmagens de longa duração (3-4 dias) de dois grupos (primeiro grupo: 22 jovens e adultos; segundo grupo: 12 adultos machos), foram realizadas sob um regime luminoso artificial de 8h de dia (165lx) e 12h de noite (0lx), intercalados com 2h e 2h de crepúsculo (3,2lx). Foram analisadas 72 horas de vídeo: 48 horas (120 sons) para o primeiro grupo e 24 horas (398 sons) para o segundo grupo. Dois tipos principais de sons foram obtidos: (1) sons ―multi-pulsos‖ produzidos durante interações agressivas, (2) sons ―bi-pulsos‖ principalmente noturnos que não puderam ser associados a um comportamento preciso. Em relação às variações nictemerais, foi encontrado um aumento significativo da produção sonora durante a primeira noite para o primeiro grupo, e não houve diferenças significativas de agressividade entre o dia e a noite neste mesmo período. Isto leva a hipótese de que uma maior emissão de sons durante a noite poderia ser emitido para paliar a ausência do canal visual. Para tentar verificar esta hipótese foram feitos experimentos de duelos entre dois machos adultos de M. zebra em condição de dia e crepúsculo enviando estímulos sonoros (som de peixe). Estudos anteriores mostram que, de dia, estímulos acústicos provocam uma diminuição da agressividade ao longo de um duelo entre dois machos. Testou-se, portanto, o que ocorreria em baixa luminosidade (crepúsculo). Os primeiros resultados mostram uma diferença significativa no número de atos agressivos sincronizados observados entre as condições dia (165 lx) e crepúsculo (3,2 lx). A condição crepúsculo aparenta dificultar a percepção visual e existem significativamente menos atos agressivos após uma estimulação acústica. Em condição dia não se encontrou esta diferença. Sugere-se que os sons possuem maior importância em interações agressivas em condição de ―crepúsculo‖ que em condição de ―dia‖.Les poissons peuvent vivre tout seul ou en bancs plus ou moins hierarchisés. Dans ce dernier cas, il y a une plus grand nécessité de communication entre les individus. La communication chez certains poissons peut se faire par le biais du canal acoustique. Les cichlidés, comme Metriaclima zebra, produisent des sons lors de la reproduction et des interactions agonistiques. Le but de cette étude a été dans un premier temps de décrire les activités comportementales et la production sonore au cours d’un nycthémère au laboratoire chez M. zebra. Des enregistrements de longue durée de deux groupes (22 jeunes et adultes ; 12 adultes mâles), ont été réalisés sous un régime lumineux artificiel de 8h de jour (165lx) et 12h de nuit (0 lx), avec 2h de crépuscule (3,2 lx) et 2h d’aube (3,2 lx) intercalées. 72 heures de vidéos ont été analysées : 48 heures (120 sons) pour le premier groupe et 24 heures (398 sons) pour le deuxième groupe. Deux types de sons principalement ont été entendus : (1) des sons « multi-pulses » produits lors des interactions agressives, (2) des sons « double-pulse » surtout nocturnes qui n’ont pas pu être reliés à un comportement précis. Concernant les variations nycthémérales, nous avons trouvé une augmentation significative de la production sonore pendant la nuit sur le premier jour du premier groupe, et il n’y avait pas de différences significatives dans le nombre de comportements agressifs entre le jour et la nuit. Cela nous a amené à l’hypothèse qu’un plus grand nombre de sons pourrait être émis de nuit pour pallier l’absence du canal visuel. Pour essayer de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons mis en place des expériences de duels entre deux adultes mâles M. zebra placés dans des conditions de lumière forte et faible avec l’envoie des stimuli acoustique (bruit de poisson). Des études antérieurs ont montré que les stimuli acoustiques provoque une diminution de l’agressivité au cours d’une interaction agonistique entre deux individus mâles. Nous avont testé, donc la condition « crépuscule ». Nos premiers résultats montrent une différence significative dans le nombre des actes agressifs synchrones observés entre la condition « jour » (165lx) et la condition « crépuscule » (3,2lx). La condition « crépuscule » semble bien gêner la perception visuelle et il y a significativement moins d’actes agressifs après une stimulation acoustique. En condition de « jour », on ne voit pas apparaître une telle différence. En définitive, il semble que le son a une plus grande importance sur l’interaction agressive en condition de « crépuscule » qu’en condition de « jour ».The fish can live alone or in groups more or less hierarchically. In the latter case, there is a greater need for communication between individuals. Communication in some fish can be done through the acoustic channel. Cichlids, as Metriaclima zebra, produce sounds during reproduction and agonistic interactions, however daily variations in sound production of fish has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was first to describe the behavioural activities and the sound production during a nycthemere at laboratory in Metriaclima zebra. Recordings of long duration of two groups (first group: 22 youngs and adults ; second group: 12 adult males) were carried out under an artificial light regimen with 8 hours of light, 12 hours of dark, 2 hours of dusk and 2 hours of dawn. It was analyzed 72 hours of video: 48 hours (120 sounds) for the first group and 24 hours (398 sounds) for the second group. Two main types of sounds were heard: (1) "multi-pulse" sounds produced during aggressive interactions, (2) "double-pulse" sounds especially encountered at night with no clear correlation with behaviours. About diel variations, we found a significant increase in sound production during the first night for the first record and on this part, there were no significant differences in the number of aggressive behaviors between night and day. This led us to the hypothesis that a greater number of sounds could be emitted at night to compensate for the lack of visual channel. To try to test this hypothesis, we set up experiments duels between two adult male Metriaclima zebra placed in low or strong light conditions, sending acustic signals (fish sound). Previous studies have shown that, in strong light, sending acoustic signals leads to a decrease of aggressiveness during an agonistic interaction between two adults males in the fish’s specie Metriaclima zebra. We tested, therefore, what would happen in "low light". Our first results show a significant difference in the number of synchronous aggressive acts observed in ―strong light‖ condition (165 lx) and ―low light‖ condition (3.2 lx). ―Low light‖ condition seems to bother the visual perception and there are significantly less aggressive acts after an acoustic stimulation. In ―day‖, we don’t see such a difference. To conclude, sound seems to be more important for the aggressive interaction in ―low light‖ condition than in ―strong light‖ condition.

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Severe conservation risks of roads on apex predators.

The global expansion of road networks threatens apex predator conservation and ecosystem functioning. This occurs through wildlife-vehicle collisions, habitat loss and fragmentation, reduced genetic connectivity and increased poaching. We reviewed road impacts on 36 apex predator species and assessed their risk from current roads based on road exposure and species vulnerability. Our findings reveal all apex predators are exposed to road impacts. Eight of the ten species with the highest risk occur in Asia, although other high-risk species are present in the Americas, Africa and Europe. The sloth bear suffers the highest risk of all apex predators, followed by the tiger and dhole. Based on species risk from roads, we propose a widely applicable method to assess the potential impact of future roads on apex predators. We applied this method to proposed road developments in three areas: the Brazilian Amazon, Africa, and Nepal, to locate high-impact road segments. Roughly 500 protected areas will be intersected by these roads, threatening core apex predator habitats. We advocate the need for rigorous road development planning to apply effective mitigation measures as an urgent priority and to avoid construction in wilderness areas and predator strongholds

Mastofauna terrestre do Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2011v24n3p73O Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, situado no centro-leste do Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil, possui 85.000ha e abrange grande diversidade de ambientes (floresta ombrófila densa, incluindo manguezais e restingas, floresta ombrófila mista e estepe ombrófila). De 1991 a 2010 foram realizados 22 estudos sobre sua mastofauna, abrangendo os métodos de captura com armadilhas de arame, armadilhas de interceptação e queda, caixas de nidificação, redes-de-neblina, armadilhas fotográficas, observação direta e vestígios. Foram registradas 75 espécies autóctones (cerca de 54% das espécies de mamíferos terrestres confirmados para Santa Catarina) pertencentes a 8 ordens e 25 famílias. Quinze espécies são ameaçadas em nível estadual, nacional ou mundial. A possibilidade de ocorrência de outras espécies e aspectos gerais da conservação dos mamíferos no Parque são discutidos

ATLANTIC-CAMTRAPS: a dataset of medium and large terrestrial mammal communities in the Atlantic Forest of South America

Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions. © 2017 by the Ecological Society of Americ

Neotropical xenarthrans: a dataset of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics.

International audienceXenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions forecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosys-tem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts withdomestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their fulldistribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths.Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae(3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data onDasypus pilo-sus(Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized,but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In thisdata paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence andquantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is fromthe southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of theNeotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regardinganteaters,Myrmecophaga tridactylahas the most records (n=5,941), andCyclopessp. havethe fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data isDasypus novemcinctus(n=11,588), and the fewest data are recorded forCalyptophractus retusus(n=33). Withregard to sloth species,Bradypus variegatushas the most records (n=962), andBradypus pyg-maeushas the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to makeoccurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly ifwe integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, andNeotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure,habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possiblewith the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data inpublications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are usingthese data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data