Quelques enseignements de l'expérience du GIRARDEL pour comprendre le concept développement local : [Preprint]

Le Groupe interdisciplinaire de Recherche pour l'Appui à la planification régionale et au développement local (GIRARDEL) est une initiative à travers laquelle l'Université rend plus visible, au-delà de ses missions traditionnelles, sa contribution au développement des sociétés de son environnement proche. Créé en 1999, il s'est fixé entre autres objectifs d'assister les collectivités décentralisées dans leurs actions de planification, de mise en oeuvre et de suivi-évaluation du développement local, par la production de connaissances et d'outils, à travers une approche interdisciplinaire et un partenariat inter-institutionnel. Cela traduit les intérêts scientifiques ainsi que la posture que le groupe ambitionne d'occuper dans le processus de mise en place d'un cadre d'échanges entre la Recherche et le Développement. L'intérêt scientifique du programme que le GIRARDEL met en oeuvre réside dans le renouvellement des méthodes et outils d'appui à la gestion décentralisée du territoire et de ses ressources, dans une perspective de faire jouer à la démarche d'appui son véritable rôle qui est celui d'accompagner le processus itératif et continu de prise de décision (Weber 1996). Dans la présente communication, nous examinerons i) le contexte de dissémination et de tentatives de mise en oeuvre du concept "développement local"; ii) la démarche du groupe pour réaliser l'objectif rappelé en supra; iii) l'analyse du concept et de ses implications. (Résumé d'auteur

Functionalization of amorphous nitrogenated carbon thin film electrodes for improved detection of cadmium vs. copper cations

International audienceThe specificity of a sensor relative to specific cations can be modified by functionalization of amorphous nitrogenated carbon thin film (a-C:Nx) electrodes. This surface modification was performed through the reduction of diazonium salts presenting different functionalities which could interact selectively with ions in solution. Cyclic voltammetry from +0.3 to −1.0 V vs. SCE was used for the grafting process leading to the formation of covalent CC bonds onto the film surface. The precursor concentration and number of cycles were optimized and correlated to the specificity and sensitivity for copper and/or cadmium ion detection. The coverage of the electrode was checked by cyclic voltammetry measurements using the Fe(CN)63−/4− system, interface charge transfer and contact angle. It showed that the electroreduction of diazonium salt and grafting of substituted aryl groups was effective on the surface of the a-C:Nx electrodes. A greater sensitivity of the electrode to Cd2+ was observed for the highest concentrations of precursors (4-amino benzene carboxylic acid (4-ABA)) compared to the pristine electrodes. Moreover, a marked decrease of cadmium sensitivity is noted after grafting but at the same time with a decreased influence of copper on the Cd2+ signal, indicating a better specificity of these functionalized sensor

A meta-population model to explain an endemic Rift Valley fever transmission in Northern Senegal. [P260]

Purpose: Certain Palaearctic biting midges have been implicated as vectors of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Separation of two species (Culicoides obsoletus and C. scoticus) is considered difficult morphologically, with females often grouped together in entomological studies. Species specific identification is desirable to assess their roles in disease transmission or measure abundance during arboviral outbreaks. Our aim is to investigate whether morphometric identification techniques can be applied to female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus individuals trapped in different geographical regions and time periods during the year. Methods: Using light-suction traps, female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were sampled from two locations in the UK, France and Spain. A total of 759 individuals were identified with a molecular assay using the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Fifteen morphometric measurements were then taken from the head, wings and abdomen of slide-mounted specimens. Multivariate analyses investigated whether a combination of these could lead to accurate species identification. Results: Principal component analyses revealed that the length and width of the smaller and larger spermathecae, and the length of, and width between, the chitinous plates can differentiate the species. These are all abdominal characteristics. Seasonal and geographic variation was observed for head and wing measurements, but not for those from the abdomen. Conclusions: Our results suggest that female C. obsoletus and C. scoticus individuals can be separated under a stereomicroscope using abdominal measurements. Although we show that morphometrics can be used to differentiate the species, this can be time-consuming and we recommend undertaking this using standardized subsampling of large catches. Relevance: This work highlights a new morphometric method of discriminating two of the main vector species of bluetongue virus. Such separations generally rely on molecular techniques, which can be expensive. Morphometric identifications may prove useful in outbreak situations when they can be quickly undertaken on a subsample of individuals to determine the proportions of each species present. (Texte intégral

PREPARATION OF NICKEL - COBALT SPINEL OXIDES NixCO3-xO4.COMPARISON OF TWO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STEMMING FROM FOUR DIFFERENT PREPARATION METHODS AND USING CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE

A comparative study of two electro-physical properties (porosity and electrical conductivity) of binary nickel cobalt oxides electrodes with spinels mixed oxides NixCo3-xO4 as active matter, was carried out. Four different routes were used to prepare spinel-type NixCo3-xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2.5) compounds in order to link these properties with the preparation method. The substitution of Ni for Co increases the conductivity and the porosity of the electrode till a certain ratio of nickel. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the oxides crystallize in a cubic spinel phase. Electrical conductivity as well as porosity depends on the preparation route. KEY WORDS: Nickel cobalt spinel oxides, Porosity, Electrical conductivity, Mixed oxides electrodes, Carbon paste electrode, Pechini sol-gel method Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2007, 21(2), 255-262

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ni0.4Co2.6O4 SPINEL MIXED OXIDES POWDER: STUDY OF ITS SURFACE PROPERTIES BY VOLTAMMETRY, X-RAY, FTIR, UV-VIS-NIR SPECTROSCOPY AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Electrochemical studies were carried out on Ni0.4Co2.6O4 powders prepared by sol-gel via propionic acid method using cyclic and steady state voltammetries. The oxide surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR and FTIR spectroscopies. The results showed that the formation of homogeneous oxide with a single spinel phase occurred at 350°C. The surface redox couple NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 is confined on the surface material l. KEY WORDS: Ni0.4Co2.6O4 spinel mixed oxides powder, Sol-gel process, Surface properties Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2005, 19(2), 213-220

Agroecology initiative Business Incubator program, Jamm Bugum Bakery. Product valuation premises: Production of millet-based bread. Final technical report

The report covers the activities of GIE Jamm Agro Business, a bakery located in Niakhar, Senegal. Supported by the One CGIAR agroecological initiative, it valorizes local cereals such as millet, corn and moringa leaf powder, producing breads and pastries incorporating these ingredients. With funding of USD 20,000, the bakery has increased its production capacity from 1,500 to 2,375 baguettes per day, with a target of 3,000 baguettes. It also produces cookies, cakes and children's food, diversifying its offering. The impact includes a 158% rise in annual sales (to USD 161,540), job creation (from 12 to 13 employees, with a strong inclusion of young people and women) and increased income for distributors. Products enriched with local cereals still represent a small share of production (2%), but their development is a priority. The bakery aims to strengthen sustainability and food self-sufficiency, while contributing to local development and the agro-ecological transition. It is now stepping up technical assistance to promote a sustainable and innovative model for adding value to local value chains

Agroecology initiative Business Incubator program, Jamm Bugum Bakery : Promoting local products, production of millet-based bread technical, report on the progress of the action plan Modou

Jamm Bugum works towards the territorialization of local value chains, particularly that of millet, by developing an integrated value chain. The association promotes the valorization of local products through the production of compound bread that substitutes wheat with 30% of locally produced millet. In addition, Jamm Bugum supports the agroecological transition of local millet production and offers commercial outlets, thus placing its action in a broader vision of valorizing local value chains. As leader of the ALL, Jamm Bugum wants to make its integrated value chain model a showcase for the promotion of agroecology in the department of Fatick. As part of its support for local initiatives, the One CGIAR Agroecology initiative, through its third component –WP3- dedicated to the development of value chains within the framework of the business incubation program, supported the action plan of this dynamic to the tune of USD 20,000. This support aims to increase the production and marketing capacity of the bakery, in order to strengthen its socio-economic impact, particularly in terms of income generated and jobs created

Dynamics for the agroecological transition (DyTAEL) in Fatick, Senegal. Analysis of the level of agro-ecological transition, profitability, levers and obstacles for players in the school canteen goat milk value chain

In Senegal, food insecurity is a major challenge to children's education, especially in regions like Fatick. To address this, school canteens have been introduced in over 11% of elementary schools, providing children with two meals a day made from local products like millet and milk. This initiative not only supports children's education but also promotes local agriculture and shortens supply chains, contributing to a circular economy. The CGIAR Agroecology Initiative (IAE) is supporting this transition by promoting sustainable business models that align with agroecology principles in Fatick with Fatick DYTAEL. The study aims to assess the level of agro-ecological practices among stakeholders in the milk value chain that supplies school canteens and to evaluate the challenges and opportunities within these local value chains. This includes a cost/benefit analysis and a SWOT analysis for each stakeholder. The goal is to provide evidence to help design business models that support the use of local, sustainable products in school canteens, enhancing food security and sustainability