2-Methylsulfanylbenzo[f]isoquinoline

S-Methylation of a 4-(naphth-2-yl)-β-thiolactam gives an intermediate 4-(naphth-2-yl) substituted 1-azetine which undergoes a [2+2] ring-opening followed by electrocyclic ring closure of the resulting 2-azadiene to give a benzo[f]isoquinolin

Intramolecular Azide to Alkene Cycloadditions for the Construction of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and Azetidino-Benzodiazepines

The coupling of proline- and azetidinone-substituted alkenes to 2-azidobenzoic and 2-azidobenzenesulfonic acid gives precursors that undergo intramolecular azide to alkene 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to give imine-, triazoline- or aziridine-containing pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), pyrrolo[1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs), and azetidino[1,4]benzodiazepines. The imines and aziridines are formed after loss of nitrogen from a triazoline cycloadduct. The PBDs are a potent class of antitumour antibiotics

Identification of clinically significant drug-drug interactions in cardiac intensive care units of two tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan

Purpose: To identify clinically significant potential drug-drug interactions in cardiac intensive care units of two tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan, and to compare the various potential drug-drug interactions related parameters between the government and private hospitals included in the study.Method: A prospective study was conducted in the cardiac intensive care units of the two hospitals, viz, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar (LRH) and Northwest General Hospital and Research Center Peshawar (NWGH &RC), which are government and private hospitals, respectively. Samples of 260 and 250 patients from LRH and NWGH & RC, respectively, were evaluated. Patient medication charts were evaluated for potential drug-drug interactions and clinically significant potential drug-drug interactions using Micromedex DrugReax. The data were statistically analyzed.Results: A high prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions was reported in both hospitals: 92 and 96.9 % in Northwest General Hospital and Research Center, and Lady Reading Hospital, respectively, of which half were clinically significant. A total of 19 interacting drug pairs contributed to the clinically significant potential drug-drug interactions. Independent sample t-test showed a significant difference in the potential drug-drug interactions of both hospitals. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the number of potential drug-drug interactions, on the one hand, and the number of prescribed drugs and age, on the other.Conclusion: A high prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions, particularly clinically significant potential drug-drug interactions, calls for proper identification of these interactions and monitoring of patients to minimize adverse outcomes and improve patient therapy.Keywords: Pharmacy service, Drug interactions, Critical/intensive care, Adverse outcome

HOW TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP EFFECT EMPLOYEE’S COMMITMENT IN BANKS

Organizations have alwaysbeen in search of high caliber individuals since last few decades; however, to keep employees with distinctive capabilities committed is a matter of visionary leadership. Various studies have discovered novel ways of fabricating desired motivational levels among group members, one of those techniques which has been more viable towards employee commitment is transformational style of a figurehead. Due to financial and time restraints employees of 12 banks form private as well as public sector of Lahore city were taken as a population sample. Survey questionnaire technique was used for data collection; self-administered questionnaires were distributed among 200 bank employees with 77% response rate. Analysis of the data revealed a positive connection among transformational leadership style and employee commitment. Present study suggest a transformational leadership style as a precursor for the attainment of an elevated level of commitment which will further become accommodating towards retaining and captivating high stature employees

Pharmacoepidemiological assessment of off-label drug use in pediatric ambulatory departments at four tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Purpose: To assess the frequency and possible predictors of off-label drug use in ambulatory pediatric units of four tertiary healthcare institutions in a Pakistani city.Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the pediatric ambulatory department of four tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. A total 1589 patients were included in the study which to evaluate their prescriptions for off-label drug use with the aid of Thomson Healthcare Micromedex DRUGDEX database.Results: A total of 79 different drugs were prescribed 5668 times to pediatric patients. A high rate of offlabel drug use (71.8 %) was observed in this study. Compared to corresponding reference categories, infants (OR 4.134, 95 % CI 2.076-8.235) and children (OR 1.857, 95 % CI 0.967-3.568) were more likely to receive off-label prescriptions. However, pediatric patients receiving less than four drugs (OR 0.414, 95 % CI 0.312-0.548) were less likely to receive off-label prescriptions.Conclusion: A high incidence of off-label drug use has been observed in the ambulatory pediatric population studied, especially in infants. More research is needed to identify and evaluate the contributory factors to off-label use of drugs in ambulatory pediatric population in developing countries to achieve optimal drug therapy for pediatrics. Keywords: Pediatric population, Ambulatory, Off-label drug us

Intramolecular azide to alkene cycloadditions for the construction of pyrrolobenzodiazepines and azetidino-benzodiazepines

The coupling of proline- and azetidinone-substituted alkenes to 2-azidobenzoic and 2-azidobenzenesulfonic acid gives precursors that undergo intramolecular azide to alkene 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to give imine-, triazoline- or aziridine-containing pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), pyrrolo[1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs), and azetidino[1,4]benzodiazepines. The imines and aziridines are formed after loss of nitrogen from a triazoline cycloadduct. The PBDs are a potent class of antitumour antibiotics