T cells that cannot respond to TGF-β escape control by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T reg) cells play a pivotal role in control of the immune response. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been shown to be required for T reg cell activity; however, precisely how it is involved in the mechanism of suppression is poorly understood. Using the T cell transfer model of colitis, we show here that CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells that express a dominant negative TGF-β receptor type II (dnTβRII) and therefore cannot respond to TGF-β, escape control by T reg cells in vivo. CD4+CD25+ T reg cells from the thymus of dnTβRII mice retain the ability to inhibit colitis, suggesting that T cell responsiveness to TGF-β is not required for the development or peripheral function of thymic-derived T reg cells. In contrast, T reg cell activity among the peripheral dnTβRII CD4+CD25+ population is masked by the presence of colitogenic effector cells that cannot be suppressed. Finally, we show that CD4+CD25+ T reg cells develop normally in the absence of TGF-β1 and retain the ability to suppress colitis in vivo. Importantly, the function of TGF-β1−/− T reg cells was abrogated by anti–TGF-β monoclonal antibody, indicating that functional TGF-β can be provided by a non–T reg cell source

Våld i nära relationer : Behandlarens upplevelse av faktorer som möjliggör en förändring hos den manliga våldsutövaren

Sammanfattning Studiens syfte har varit att studera behandlarens upplevelse av vilka faktorer som möjliggör en förändring hos den manliga utövaren av våld i nära relationer. Studien har utgått från två semistrukturerade intervjuer med behandlare i en kommun i Sverige med erfarenhet av att arbeta med målgruppen. Resultatet visar att behandlarens sätt att bemöta och förhålla sig spelar in i förändringsarbetet samt den manliga våldsutövarens motivation och inställning till behandlingen. För behandlaren handlar det om att kunna skilja mellan handling och person, att inte acceptera handlingen men att låta människovärdet styra och styrka mannen i det. Behandlarens bemötande, icke-dömande och förmågan att skapa relationer gör att klienten vågar öppna sig och prata om våldet. Den manliga utövaren behöver hjälp med att uttrycka, hantera och ta ansvar för sina känslor istället för att använda våld

Easiest, almost easiest and easy : A linguistic examination of three labelling systems for easy-to-read books

In this essay easy-to-read books from three different publishers are examined. The publishers use their own type of levelling system and have different backgrounds in such a way that one of them (LL-förlaget) is a state company, while the other two are commercial publishers (Nypon and Vilja). The purpose of the essay is partly to see whether the levelling systems used by these three publishers contain the requested language for easy-to-read books or not, partly to investigate which likenesses and differences there are between the three levelling systems used. The result shows that the system used by the state publisher contains a greater degree of language difficulties regarding the lowest levels as well as the highest levels. The result also shows that the language in the books representing the levelling systems sometimes match the demands set by the publisher, and sometimes not. The greatest discrepancy between what is requested for and what can be seen in the material, is found when the publishers ask for specific language traits, while demands of a more overall nature are easier to meet. Moreover, the result shows that books categorized in one certain level not always match that level, that books representing the same level show differences regarding linguistic complexity, and that books from a certain level not automatically guarantee the increase in language difficulties that the labelling of that level speaks for

Easiest, almost easiest and easy : A linguistic examination of three labelling systems for easy-to-read books

In this essay easy-to-read books from three different publishers are examined. The publishers use their own type of levelling system and have different backgrounds in such a way that one of them (LL-förlaget) is a state company, while the other two are commercial publishers (Nypon and Vilja). The purpose of the essay is partly to see whether the levelling systems used by these three publishers contain the requested language for easy-to-read books or not, partly to investigate which likenesses and differences there are between the three levelling systems used. The result shows that the system used by the state publisher contains a greater degree of language difficulties regarding the lowest levels as well as the highest levels. The result also shows that the language in the books representing the levelling systems sometimes match the demands set by the publisher, and sometimes not. The greatest discrepancy between what is requested for and what can be seen in the material, is found when the publishers ask for specific language traits, while demands of a more overall nature are easier to meet. Moreover, the result shows that books categorized in one certain level not always match that level, that books representing the same level show differences regarding linguistic complexity, and that books from a certain level not automatically guarantee the increase in language difficulties that the labelling of that level speaks for

Jämställd text : En genuskritisk textanalys av fem texter från Region Gävleborgs hemsida

I den här genuskritiska textanalysen undersöks fem texter från Region Gävleborgs hemsida. Detta görs mot bakgrund av att man inom Region Gävleborg arbetat med att jämställdhetsintegrera verksamheten. Det huvudsakliga syftet är att se om det informationsmaterial som skrivits eller spridits efter att jämställdhetsarbetet ägt rum riktar sig på ett likvärdigt sätt till kvinnor och män samt inkluderar olika familjekonstellationer. Ett delsyfte är också att se om texter som skrivits med utgångspunkt i en jämställdhetsintegrerad verksamhet blir jämställda. Resultatet visar att textmaterialet stundtals vidarebefordrar en stereotyp uppfattning kring ett manligt och ett kvinnligt föräldraskap, där det kvinnliga föräldraskapet framställs som det primära i både text och bild. Vidare tenderar män att osynliggöras i diskursen och en tvåsamhet förväntas i koppling till föräldraskapet. Detta blir synligt dels i språkets könsmarkerade och köns(o)markerade konstruktioner, dels i textens presuppositioner och drag. När det kommer till köns(o)markerade konstruktioner visar analysen att direkt tilltal är problematiskt i relation till jämställd text, då tilltalet tenderar att skapa snäva mottagargrupper med exkludering och normering som följd

Easiest, almost easiest and easy : A linguistic examination of three labelling systems for easy-to-read books

In this essay easy-to-read books from three different publishers are examined. The publishers use their own type of levelling system and have different backgrounds in such a way that one of them (LL-förlaget) is a state company, while the other two are commercial publishers (Nypon and Vilja). The purpose of the essay is partly to see whether the levelling systems used by these three publishers contain the requested language for easy-to-read books or not, partly to investigate which likenesses and differences there are between the three levelling systems used. The result shows that the system used by the state publisher contains a greater degree of language difficulties regarding the lowest levels as well as the highest levels. The result also shows that the language in the books representing the levelling systems sometimes match the demands set by the publisher, and sometimes not. The greatest discrepancy between what is requested for and what can be seen in the material, is found when the publishers ask for specific language traits, while demands of a more overall nature are easier to meet. Moreover, the result shows that books categorized in one certain level not always match that level, that books representing the same level show differences regarding linguistic complexity, and that books from a certain level not automatically guarantee the increase in language difficulties that the labelling of that level speaks for

Closing the Value Chain Loop in the Apparel Industry ‐ A case study of current practices

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore current practices regarding circular economies in the apparel industry and to construct a framework for integrating circular economy practices in the Swedish apparel industry. Methodology: With a constructionist view and an abductive approach the purpose is to be achieved through two qualitative case studies. The themes identified were analysed and interpreted. Theoretical perspectives: The theoretical framework is based upon a business context, on the basis of the textile management in general and logistics, recycling, sustainability and reverse systems in particular. Empirical foundation: The empirical material consists primarily of 9 in-depth semi-structured interviews with various roles at Uniforms for the Dedicated and Filippa K, as well as through a Skype interview with the project manager of Re:Design Studio. They have been asked to talk about their view of sustainability, their practices and future developments. Conclusion: When integrating circular practices in the value chain the authors have identified five main areas that should be integrated, in order to develop towards a circular economy: reimagine, reduce, reuse, repair and recycle.Program: Applied Textile Managemen