N,N′-Bis(2-chloro­benz­yl)-N′′-(2,2,2-trichloro­acet­yl)phospho­ric triamide

The P atom in the title compound, C16H15Cl5N3O2P, exhibits a tetra­hedral coordination geometry and the phosphoryl and carbonyl groups are anti with respect to one another. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 44.90 (15)°. One of the 2-chloro­benzyl­amido fragments is disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.8823 (17) and 0.1177 (17). In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯O(P) and N—H⋯O(C) hydrogen bonds into an extended chain running parallel to the a axis

Monitoring of Residues of Oxydemeton-Methyl in Greenhouse Vegetables in Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract-In order to increase yield and quality of some fruits and vegetables, pesticides are repeatedly applied during the entire growth period. The aim of this study was to monitor Oxydemeton-methyl residuals (as a model pesticide) in cucumbers and tomatoes, as the most consumed vegetables and also grown in greenhouse farms of Shahrekord, Iran. The vegetable samples were collected in during a six-month period from two big greenhouse farms located in Shahrekord vicinity which use this pesticide. Sampling was accomplished after one week of any stage of pesticides spray application. Analyses were performed by Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The average values of pesticide residuals in unwashed, washed and peeled cucumber samples were 0.23± 0.17, 0.18± 0.1, 0.15± 0.6 0.08± 0.5(µg/kg) respectively. The average values of the residues in unwashed, washed and peeled tomato samples were 1.61± 0.8, 0.85± 0.09, 0.67± 0.04 (µg/kg) respectively. The results showed that the pesticide residuals in total cucumber and tomato samples were more than permissible limit. Peeling and washing were effective but didn’t decrease the pesticide level lower than the permissible limit. Consumers are recommended to wash and to peel cucumbers and tomatoes before they consume in order to reduce daily intake of the toxicants through the diet

Cyclo­hex­yl(meth­yl)ammonium {bis­[cyclo­hex­yl(meth­yl)amino]­phosphor­yl}(4-methyl­phenyl­sulfon­yl)aza­nide

In the anion of the title salt, C7H16N+·C21H35N3O3PS−, the P and S atoms are both in distorted tetra­hedral environments and the angles at the tertiary N atoms confirm their sp 2 character. The two S=O groups are in syn and gauche conformations with respect to the phosphoryl group. In the crystal, N—H⋯O(=S) and N—H⋯O(=P) hydrogen bonds involving two anions and two cations form a centrosymmetric four-component cluster

Viability of Starter Bacteria and Anti-Oxidative Activity of a Functional Yogurt Containing Silybum marianum Seed Extract

Background and objective: Silybum marianum seed extract (silymarin) is rich in phenolic compounds with anti-oxidative activity that add beneficial and healthful properties to silymarin-enriched products. The present study investigated effects of silymarin on characteristics of a functional yogurt. Material and methods: In this study, yogurt was enriched with Silybum marianum seed extract at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg l-1 milk and the samples were analyzed for physicochemical and sensory properties and viability of starter bacteria during 21 days at 4°C at 7-day intervals. Results and conclusion: Results showed that increasing silymarin proportion in yogurt samples increased anti-oxidative activity, total phenolic content, total viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and decreased pH value, viscosity and sensory attributes (p<0.05). Furthermore, pH, viscosity, anti-oxidative activity, phenolic compounds and sensory attributes decreased during storage (P<0.05). In conclusion, 25 mg Silybum marianum seed extract per one liter of milk can be used for the preparation of yogurts with healthy properties. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

N,N′-Bis(4-methyl­phen­yl)-N′′-(2,2,2-trichloro­acet­yl)phospho­ric triamide

The P atom in the title compound, C16H17Cl3N3O2P, is bonded in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry with the phosphoryl and carbonyl groups anti with respect to one another. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through (N—H)2⋯O(=P) and N—H⋯O(=C) hydrogen bonds into chains along [001]. The phosphoryl O atom acts as a double hydrogen-bond acceptor

The relation of career indecision and parental attachment among Iranian undergraduate students.

Career indecision particularly among college and undergraduate students is a concern of counselors and psychologists. This concern has led to numerous research studies related to career indecision and factors that influence it, such as family relationships. In this regard, several studies have reported a significant relationship between career indecision and parental attachment. However, little research has been undertaken on the influence of this factor in regard to career indecision for Iranian students. For this purpose, 158 Iranian freshmen and sophomores who had completed the ‘Career Decision Scale’ (Osipow et al., Journal of Vocational Behavior 9:233–243, 1976) and had been identified as career-undecided, completed the ‘Inventory of Parents and Peer Attachment-Revised’ (Armsden & Greenberg, Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16:427–453, 1987). The results revealed that a significant negative relationship was found between career indecision and attachment to mother, whilst the relationship between career indecision and attachment to father was not significant. However, regression analysis showed parental attachment did not significantly predict career indecision of students. Implications and recommendations for further research are discussed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Return to Sports Following Lateral Ankle Sprain in Professional Athletes; A Review of Articles: Study of return to sports after Lateral Ankle Sprains

Objective: Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common injuries during physical activity. Considering the high prevalence of this injury in athletes and the need to pay attention to athletes' return to the same level of sports performance as before the injury, the present study aimed to investigate the return to sport after lateral ankle sprains. Materials and Methods: In this study, a comprehensive review of the published papers has been done considering English specialized keywords, including physical therapy, sport-specific movement, return to sport, ankle injuries, ligament injuries, return to play, lower extremity, ankle sprain, recurrent injury, ankle, sports injury, lateral ankle instability, chronic ankle instability, athlete, lateral ankle sprain. Therefore, databases i.e., Science Direct, Scopus, Pedro, Google Scholar, PubMed, SID, ISC, Madlib, Magiran and Irandoc were explored, and those researches published between 2000 to April 2022 about the return to sport and LAS injuries were studied. Findings: After searching in the mentioned databases, first, the abstract of 370 articles on return to sport after LAS was found, and then the full text of 148 related papers was studied. After reviewing them based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and eliminating duplicate items, 47 articles were scrutinized. Finally, 11 papers were identified about the return to sport after LAS injury. Most studies have reported that the recommended methods reduce the time to return to sport. In this regard, some studies have set a time to return to sport, and some have not reported the exact time. Studies have emphasized the use of specific tests and criteria for evaluating athletes to enter the final stage of rehabilitation as the most important principle of safely returning to sport. Conclusion: Athletes' return to physical activity should be followed in a way that allows them to safely return to sport while minimizing the risk of recurrent injuries. Determining specialized criteria and tests for high and diverse populations in sports, especially those involved with lateral ankle sprains, is the key to success in safer return to sport. However, most studies have been conducted in limited populations and disciplines, and researchers must perform more research in this area