Impact of the Jamapa River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico

The Jamapa River basin is located in the central region of the State of Veracruz, it is born in the Pico de Orizaba and connects with the Veracruz Reef System in the Gulf of Mexico, both protected natural areas. The lower part of the basin has the contribution of two important effluents, Arroyo Moreno, which is a protected natural area, strongly impacted due to municipal discharges from the metropolitan cities Veracruz-Boca del Río-Medellín. And the Estero, which is part of a complex aquatic system that discharges its waters from the Lagunar Mandinga system to the Gulf of Mexico. Currently, there is a diversity of chemical and biological compounds that the basin receives from different sources of freshwater pollution, such as industrial waste, sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and the accumulation of sediments. The climatic seasons are the determining factors in the composition of its sediments, due to the force exerted on the bottom of the river by the increase in rainfall, the force of the winds mainly in the north wind season, where the greatest quantity of polluting materials

State of the art of poecilid fish (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in México

ABSTRACT Objective: To present a review about the knowledge of the fish of the family poecilidade in Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The present review was carried out through the search and bibliographic compilation of literature, as well as in the consultation of articles in different databases, for its subsequent analysis. Results: Mexico has a great diversity of poeciliids with 105 species registered, 64 are endemic, most are in some category of protection, distributed throughout the national territory, mainly in the Usumacinta River basin. In this area, their reproductive biology and feeding have been studied, which vary according to the species. Their culture in Mexico, focuses on the commercialization of ornamental species both native and exotic.              Limitations on study/implications: The poecilid fishes are a well study group; however, the information about the mexican species is scattered and in different areas are limited. Findings/conclusions: Mexico is the country with the greatest diversity of poecilid fish worldwide, most of which are in some category of protection, and are a group well distributed throughout the national territory, with potential as environmental indicators and toxicological studies.Objective: To present a review about the knowledge of the fish of the family poecilidade in Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The present review was carried out through the search and bibliographic compilation of literature, as well as in the consultation of articles in different databases, for its subsequent analysis. Results: Mexico has a great diversity of poeciliids with 105 species registered, 64 are endemic, most are in some category of protection, distributed throughout the national territory, mainly in the Usumacinta River basin. In this area, their reproductive biology and feeding have been studied, which vary according to the species. Their culture in Mexico, focuses on the commercialization of ornamental species both native and exotic.              Limitations on study/implications: The poecilid fishes are a well study group; however, the information about the mexican species is scattered and in different areas are limited. Findings/conclusions: Mexico is the country with the greatest diversity of poecilid fish worldwide, most of which are in some category of protection, and are a group well distributed throughout the national territory, with potential as environmental indicators and toxicological studies.

Feasibility Study of Production Oyster Flavored Smoke

We analyze the financial technical feasibility of an assembly would have a productive activity in the Lagoon of Pueblo Viejo, Veracruz, Mexico, based on the exploitation of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) fishery resource, for project evaluation: Implications for the marketing of fishery and aquaculture products: oyster case "by the Instituto Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca and the Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Rio. We used a structured approach to the problem situation through a mental map, an analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and a logical framework matrix. Considered feasible a monthly production of 480 kilograms of oysterflavored smoke at presentation glass jar of 160 ml of product. For this production, the raw material would be obtained from the oyster fishery and artisanal mining of 30 boats from the town of Pueblo Viejo. The project showed sensitivity to market prices and raw material. The financial evaluation results indicate a benefit-cost ratio of 1.78 of successful investing, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 21.4%, a Net Present Value (NPV) of $92,573 pesos and a MARR of 18$ 30.00 Mexican pesos in national currency. The present study is to perform a technical and financial proposal under a model of oyster product marketing and processing oyster flavored smoke with oyster cooperators of Pueblo Viejo, Veracruz, Mexico.Keywords: Markets and Trade, Fisheries Economics, Seafood Processing and International TradeKeywords: Markets and Trade, Fisheries Economics, Seafood Processing and International Trad

Use of tropical macrophytes in wastewater treatment

Macrophytes in natural wetlands are the plants responsible for nutrient uptake and seem to be an efficient option in phytoremediation systems. a) Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental macrophytes fed with university wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a HC (constructed wetland) in a tropical climate. b) The study was divided into two stages. 0.5 x 2. 0 m, three fractions were evaluated at 50%, 75%, 100% from university wastewater and natural water (white), where the following species were placed: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Iris germánica, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pennisetum purpureum and Heliconia psittacorum, remaining for a period of 40 days.  Subsequently, the individuals were seeded and evaluated in an HC to finalise the adaptation period. The physiological variables measured were % survival, stem thickness, number of flowers and indirect chlorophyll. Biomass was included as a growth variable for the second stage. c) The results showed that during the first stage in the containers of the 14 initial species, a total of 11 species survived, i.e. 78.5% of the total, which made it possible to observe the type of plants with the greatest capacity to survive in high concentrations of contaminants, thus obtaining the priority in which these would be planted. d) They also indicated that there were significant differences (p=0.005) regarding physiology for all the HC species, showing better adaptation for Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus and Heliconia psittacorum. e) These results demonstrate the macrophytes with greater adaptation as phytoremediation plants in HC systems in tropical climates, resulting from the feeding of university wastewaterObjective: To evaluate the adaptation process of ornamental tropical macrophytes irrigated with wastewater, through physiological measurements before and after planting in a tropical constructed wetland (CW). Design/Methodology/Approach: Three fractions were evaluated with 50%, 75%, and 100% wastewater and natural water (blank) in 0.5 × 2.0 m fiberglass containers. The following species were placed in the containers during 40 days: Strelitzia reginae, Alpinia purpurata, Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Cyperus papyrus, Pistia stratiotes, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ruellia brittoniana, Pasto pennisetum, Solenostemon scutellarioides, Iresine herbstii, Lantana camara, Duranta eracta golden, and Asparagus densiflorus. Subsequently, the individuals —including Heliconia psittacorum and Iris germanica— were planted and evaluated in a CW after the adaptation period, in order to replace the macrophyte lost during the said period. The following physiological variables were measured: survival percentage, stem thickness, number of flowers, chlorophyll index, and biomass (as a growth variable). Results: During the first stage (containers), only 11 out of the 14 initial species survived (78.5%), which allowed us to establish which plants had the highest survival capacity in high concentrations of pollutants. These results determined the priority with which these would be planted in the CW. Study Limitations/Implications: Significant physiological differences were observed (p ≤ 0.005) in all CW species. Canna indica, Xanthosoma robustum, Ruellia brittoniana, Alpinia purpurata, Cyperus papyrus, and Heliconia psittacorum recorded better adaptation. Findings/Conclusions: The macrophytes studied show great adaptation as phytoremediative plants in tropical CW systems; however, their physiological development is different

Toxicidad de diurón, Glifosato y Paraquat en postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana (Decapoda: Caridea) de la parte sur del estuario del Río Jamapa, Veracruz, SW del Golfo de México

Background. The southern zone of the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz, is a place of transition between the river and the marine environment to which sediments, compounds, and species of crustaceans are transported to the neritic zone where is the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objective. The responses of exposure of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae to diuron, glyphosate, and paraquat, as well as the relative abundance, diversity of the association of crustaceans, and values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, and dissolved solids in the estuary were evaluated. Methods. Sampling was carried out with white light traps in November and March. Living Potimirim mexicana postlarvae were obtained from the samples to carry out the bioassays; the remaining individuals of the association were fixed in 70% alcohol for identification and quantification. The environmental factors were measured using a multiparameter Hanna HI 9828. Results. Dissolved oxygen was of 6-7 mgL-1, pH of 8-9, temperature of 26-27° C, total dissolved solids of 700-1,500 ppm and salinity of 0.70-16 ups. Environmental conditions permit the presence of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae. Six taxa were found: postlarvae of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii and Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeae of Brachyura. Diversity ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 bits*individual-1, indicating an intermediate stability of the estuary. A total of 12,827 postlarvae of P. mexicana were obtained. The LC50 values of diuron, paraquat, and glyphosate were 5.94, 1.51, and 221.05 mgL-1, respectively. Conclusions. The values found here are consistent with those obtained by other authors for different species of crustaceans. Due to the important ecological in the food web of P. mexicana, its postlarvae can be used as sensitive test organisms in ecotoxicological studies.Antecedentes. La zona sur del estuario del río Jamapa, Veracruz, es un lugar de transición entre el río y el medio marino al que se transportan sedimentos, compuestos y especies de crustáceos hasta la zona nerítica donde se encuentra el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objetivo. Se evaluaron las respuestas de exposición de las postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana a diurón, glifosato y paraquat, así como la abundancia relativa, diversidad de asociación de crustáceos y valores de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, pH y sólidos disueltos en el estuario. Métodos. El muestreo se realizó con trampas de luz blanca en noviembre y marzo. De las muestras se obtuvieron postlarvas vivas de Potimirim mexicana para realizar los bioensayos; los restantes individuos de la asociación se fijaron en alcohol al 70% para su identificación y cuantificación. Los factores ambientales se midieron utilizando un multiparamétrico Hanna HI 9828. Resultados. El oxígeno disuelto fue de 6-7 mgL-1, pH de 8-9, temperatura de 26-27 ° C, sólidos disueltos totales de 700-1,500 ppm y salinidad de 0,70-16 ups. Las condiciones ambientales permiten la presencia de postlarvas de Potimirim mexicana. Se encontraron seis taxones: postlarvas de Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii y Potimirim mexicana, megalopas de Callinectes sapidus y Armases ricordi y zoeas de Brachyura. La diversidad osciló entre 1,55 y 1,77 bits*individuo-1, lo que indica una estabilidad intermedia del estuario. Se obtuvieron un total de 12,827 postlarvas de P. mexicana. Los valores de LC50 de diurón, paraquat y glifosato fueron 5.94, 1.51 y 221.05 mgL-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los valores aquí encontrados son consistentes con los obtenidos por otros autores para diferentes especies de crustáceos. Debido a la importancia ecológica en la trama trófica de P. mexicana, sus postlarvas pueden usarse como organismos de prueba sensibles en estudios ecotoxicológicos

Influence of density on growth and survival of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium americanum (Bate, 1868) (Caridea: Palaemonidae) cultured in a cage-pond system

The domestication and culture of freshwater shrimp native of tropical and subtropical American Pacific zone requires the study and development of technologies in open systems where their response to types of farming, feeding and management strategies generate practical information for the production of this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of stocking density on growth and survival in M. americanum juvenile-adult, cage-cultured and to determine the optimal density for grow-out production. The caridean shrimp Macrobrachium americanum was cultured for 152 days in a 16 cage-culture (3 m3 each) at densities of 1, 3, 6 and 9 org / m3, respectively, with stocking sizes from 12.1 ± 1.7 to 13.5 ± 2.3 g. The prawns were fed twice daily with Camaronina 35%. Water quality parameters were within standard range for caridean shrimp culture. There was a significant effect of density on final weight, growth rate, specific growth rate, K condition and survival, and an inversely proportional relationship with the feed conversion ratio. The growth was affected by density, resulting to a maximum increase of 6 org / m3 in the asymmetry of the prawn and also increasing the number of small organisms by 9 org / m3. However, it is necessary to study such aspects as the rate and frequency of feeding, the initial size-grade and the implementation of shelter, among others

Avances del Sargo Archosargus probatocephalus (WALBAUM, 1792) en la acuicultura como respuesta al cambio climático

Se espera una disminución hasta el 40% de la pesca por efecto del cambio climático en regiones tropicales, causando la repercusión en la productividad primaria afectando mayormente a poblaciones de peces que llevan a cabo su reproducción en arrecifes y estuarios; sumado a esto no se cuenta con el acceso físico y económico a alimentos suficientes, seguros y nutritivos para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de la población. Por estas razones se pensó en la acuacultura como respuesta a la disminución de la pesca y para producción de alimento sustentable, con un pez nativo que habita en zonas de estuarios y arrecifes, como el sargo que por sus características biológicas y económicas puede ser idóneo para la acuacultura. Para ello se estableció un cultivo experimental de diciembre 2011 a marzo 2012 en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río consistió de 2 estaques circulares de 25 m3, en área cerrada, con sistema de recirculación acuícola, salinidad de 30 ppm (+ 1), pH de 8.3 (+ 0.4) y temperatura de 26 °C (+ 2). Al inicio se observó un comportamiento agresivo por lo cual se introdujeron refugios y se observó una mejoría. Se estableció una dieta de moluscos bivalvos, después con un flan a base de calamar y finalmente con alimento balanceado. Resultando que tuvo buena adaptación al cautiverio, buena aceptación del alimento balanceado, obteniendo una supervivencia del 95 % en cultivo, además el sargo tiene buen pecio en el mercado, por estas razones se considera una especie idónea para el cultivo

Why the Mexican Oyster Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico Is Underdeveloped?

The Mexican Oyster fishery in the Gulf of Mexico annually produces only 50,000 MT, 95% of Mexico oyster production. Oyster production has fallen drastically in most coastal lagoons, this decline has been attributed to factors as overfishing, mismanagement of natural oyster beds, environmental degradation and lagoons pollution. This work proposes strategies for oyster fishery management on Gulf of Mexico littoral. In order to achieve this goal oyster fishery diagnose for Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche states were made for evaluation of ecological, economics, legal and social aspects trough information sources as statistical yearbooks, databases, and published information relative to regional oyster fishery, simultaneously visits to landing places where made and inquiries to production units, directives, fishermen and decision makers were done. Collected information was grouped and analyzed with SWOT analysis. Oyster fishery is carried on in 20 coastal ecosystems where works 51 production units with 2,955 active oyster fishermen. In every visited site were observed water pollution, coastal deforestation and or overfishing. National and international oysters markets cannot grow for several reasons including sanitary quality; there are no efficient models for oyster beds administration, no infrastructure for give oyster products additional value. Some of the strategies for solve these difficulties are, to make local diagnosis and promote social organization for control of water quality, market research for oyster products and laboratory seed production, register efficiently and responsibly catch statistics, to make official norms on size catch, fishing gear, fishing, reception, packing, commercialization, culture techniques, and cultured oyster sizes, these strategies and other programs may permit sustainable and biotechnological development in oyster fishery.Keywords: Fisheries Economics, Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Fisheries Dynamic

Avances del Sargo Archosargus probatocephalus (WALBAUM, 1792) en la acuicultura como respuesta al cambio climático

A reduction of up to 40% in fishing due to the effects of climate change in tropical regions is expected, causing the impact on primary productivity affecting mainly fish populations that carry out their reproduction in reefs and estuaries; In addition to this, there is no physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the food needs of the population. For these reasons aquaculture was thought of as a response to the reduction of fishing and sustainable food production, with a native fish that lives in areas of estuaries and reefs, such as the sea bream, which due to its biological and economic characteristics may be suitable for aquaculture To this end, an experimental culture was established from December 2011 to March 2012 at the Technological Institute of Boca del Río, consisting of 2circular ponds of 25 m3, in closed area, with aquaculture recirculation system, salinity of 30 ppm (+1), pH of 8.3 (+ 0.4) and temperature of 26 ° C (+ 2). At first, aggressive behavior was observed, so shelters were introduced and an improvement was observed. A diet of bivalve molluscs was established, afterwith a custard based on squid and finally with balanced food. Being that it had good adaptation to captivity, good acceptance of the balanced feed, obtaining a 95% survival in culture, in addition the sea bream has good wreck in the market, for these reasons it is considered a suitable species for the culture.Se espera una disminución hasta el 40% de la pesca por efecto del cambio climático en regiones tropicales, causando la repercusión en la productividad primaria afectando mayormente a poblaciones de peces que llevan a cabo su reproducción en arrecifes y estuarios; sumado a esto no se cuenta con el acceso físico y económico a alimentos suficientes, seguros y nutritivos para satisfacer las necesidades alimentarias de la población. Por estas razones se pensó en la acuacultura como respuesta a la disminución de la pesca y para producción de alimento sustentable, con un pez nativo que habita en zonas de estuarios y arrecifes, como el sargo que por sus características biológicas y económicas puede ser idóneo para la acuacultura. Para ello se estableció un cultivo experimental de diciembre 2011 a marzo 2012 en el Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río consistió de 2 estaques circulares de 25 m3, en área cerrada, con sistema de recirculación acuícola, salinidad de 30 ppm (+ 1), pH de 8.3 (+ 0.4) y temperatura de 26 °C (+ 2). Al inicio se observó un comportamiento agresivo por lo cual se introdujeron refugios y se observó una mejoría. Se estableció una dieta de moluscos bivalvos, después con un flan a base de calamar y finalmente con alimento balanceado. Resultando que tuvo buena adaptación al cautiverio, buena aceptación del alimento balanceado, obteniendo una supervivencia del 95 % en cultivo, además el sargo tiene buen pecio en el mercado, por estas razones se considera una especie idónea para el cultivo