67 research outputs found
Low-molecular-weight components of olive oil mill wastewaters
A new lignan 1-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[
3.3.0]octane, the secoiridoid 2H-pyran-4-acetic acid,3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-
methyl-, methyl ester, the phenylglycoside 4-[β -D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β -D-glucopyranosyl-1,4-dihydroxy-2-
methoxybenzene and the lactone 3-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-propenyl] δ -glutarolactone were isolated and identified
on the basis of spectroscopic data including two-dimensional NMR, as components of olive oil mill waste-waters.
The known aromatic compounds catechol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxy-
3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol,
2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)phenylethanol, 2-(3,4-dihydroxy)phenyl-1,2-ethandiol, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid,
ferulic acid, sinapic acid, 1-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy)phenylethyl]-(3,4-dihydroxy)phenyl-1,2-ethandiol, 1-O-[2-(4-
hydroxy)phenylethyl]-(3,4-dihydroxy)phenyl-1,2-ethandiol, D(+)-erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy)-phenyl-1,2,3-
propantriol, p-hydroxyphenethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol 3β-D-glucopyranoside, and
2(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol 4β-D-glucopyranoside were also confirmed as constituents of the waste-waters
Unusual products of the aqueous chlorination of atenolol
The reaction
of the drug atenolol
with hypochlorite
under conditions
that simulate
wastewater
disinfection
was investigated.
The pharmaceutical
reacted in 1 h yielding
three products
that were
separated
by chromatographic
techniques
and characterized
by spectroscopic
features.
Two unusual
products
2-(4-(3-(chloro(2-chloropropan-
2-yl)amino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
and 2-(4-
(3-formamido-
2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
were obtained along with 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
acetamide.
When the reaction
was stopped at shorter times only 2-(4-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
and the dichlorinated
product
were detected. Tests performed
on the seeds of
Lactuca
sativa
show that chlorinated
products
have phytotoxic
activity
Degradation of lansoprazole and omeprazole in the aquatic environment
Lansoprazole and omeprazole degrade in water leading to sulfides, benzimidazolones and a red complex material.
Degradation is accelerated in acid medium and by solar simulator irradiation. Benzimidazoles, dianilines and pyridines
have also been identified
Photochemical behavior of the drug atorvastatin in water.
Atorvastatin undergoes a self-sensitized photooxygenation by sunlight in water. The main photoproducts, isolated by chromatographic
techniques, have been identified by spectroscopic means. They present a lactam ring arising from an oxidation of pyrrole ring and an
alkyl/aryl shift. A mechanism involving singlet oxygen addition and an epoxide intermediate is suggested
TOXICITY OF PREDNISOLONE, DEXAMETHASONE AND THEIR PHOTOCHEMICAL DERIVATIVES ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Light exposure of aqueous suspensions of prednisolone and dexamethasone causes their partial phototransformation.
The photoproducts, isolated by chromatographic techniques, have been identified by spectroscopic means.
Prednisolone, dexamethasone and their photoproducts have been tested to evaluate their acute and chronic toxic effects
on some freshwater chain organisms. The rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus
and Daphnia magna were chosen to perform acute toxicity tests, while the alga Pseudokircheneriella subcapitata (formerly
known as Selenastrum capricornutum) and the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia to perform chronic tests. The
photochemical derivatives are more toxic than the parent compounds. Generally low acute toxicity was found. Chronic
exposure to this class of pharmaceuticals caused inhibition of growth population on the freshwater crustacean C. dubia
while the alga P. subcapitata seems to be less affected by the presence of these drugs
Photochemical Behaviour of Carbamates Structurally Related to Herbicides in Aqueous Media: Nucleophilic Solvent Trapping versus Radical Reactions
Irradiation ofN-arylO-aryl carbamates has been carried out in H2O/CH3CN (1 : 1 v/v) solutions atλ>290 nm. When chlorine is on theN-aryl ring, halogen-substituted products are found. These photoproducts derive from the trapping of the intermediate radical cation by water and, even, by acetonitrile leading to phenols andN-arylacetamides (photo-Ritter products), respectively. UnsubstitutedN-aryl carbamates slowly undergo photo-Fries reaction
Ecotoxic effects of loratadine and its metabolic and light-induced derivatives
Loratadine and desloratadine are second-generation antihistaminic drugs. Because of human administration, they are continuously released via excreta into wastewater treatment plants and occur in surface waters as residues and transformation products (TPs). Loratadine and desloratadine residues have been found at very low concentrations (ng/L) in the aquatic environment but their toxic effects are still not well known. Both drugs are light-sensitive even under environmentally simulated conditions and some of the photoproducts have been isolated and characterized. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic ecotoxicity of loratadine, desloratadine and their light-induced transformation products in organisms of the aquatic trophic chain. Bioassays were performed in the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and in two crustaceans, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Loratadine exerted its acute and chronic toxicity especially on Ceriodaphnia dubia (LC50: 600 mu g/L, EC50: 28.14 mu g/L) while desloratadine showed similar acute toxicity among the organisms tested and it was the most chronically effective compound in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Generally, transformation products were less active in both acute and chronic assays.Peer reviewe
Ecotoxicological evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step
Caffeine is ubiquitous in surface and ground waters and it has been proposed as a marker of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Sewage treatment plants based on active sludges seem to be not very efficient in its complete removal from effluents while addnl. disinfection treatments by chlorination are able to do it. In a simulation of the chlorination step herein we report that caffeine is transformed in six byproducts: 8-???chlorocaffeine, 1,???3-???dimethyl-???5-???azabarbituric acid, N,???N'-???dimethylparabanic acid, N,???N'-???dimethyloxalamide, N-???methylurea and N,???N'-???dimethylurea. The ecotoxicity of caffeine and identified compds. was evaluated on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames Test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compds. Moreover, we assessed the possible antigenotoxic effect of the selected compds. using SOS Chromotest after co-???incubation with the std. genotoxin, 4-???nitroquinoline 1-???oxide. Chronic exposure to these compds. caused inhibition of growth population on the rotifer while the algae seemed to be unaffected. Results indicated that caffeine (1)???, N,???N'-???dimethyloxamide (4) and N,???N'-???dimethylparabanic acid (5) reduced ??-???galactosidase activity in comparison with pos. control, both at 1 and 5 mg???/L of 4-???NQNO with a good dose-???response
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