INCIDENCIA DE MALOCLUSION ASOCIADA A LA OBSTRUCCION DE VIAS AEREAS SUPERIORES MEDIANTE EL ANALISIS DE RADIOGRAFIAS EN 50 PACIENTES QUE ACUDAN A LA CLINICA DEL CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO DE ORTODONCIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLAS DE HIDALGO DE ENERO DEL 2003 A JUNIO DEL 2004.

Las necesidades respiratorias son el principal factor determinante de la postura de los maxilares, lengua y de la posición de la cabeza. Así, si respiramos por la boca, se altera lo anterior y todo ello podría alterar a su vez el equilibrio de la presión que actúa sobre los maxilares y los dientes e influir en el crecimiento y en la posición de unos y otros. (Proffit, W. R. Ed. interamericana, 1995. Pp. 129-132) Para poder respirar por la boca es necesario deprimir la mandíbula, la lengua y extender la cabeza; si se mantuviesen estos cambios posturales, aumentaría la altura de la cara y los dientes posteriores erupcionarían en exceso, la mandíbula rotaría hacia abajo y atrás, abriendo la mandíbula anteriormente, con lo que la mayor presión ejercida por las mejillas estiradas podría llegar a estrechar el arco dental superior, esta asociación se conoce como facies adenoidea. (Proffit, W. R. Ed. interamericana, 1995. Pp. 129-132) Aunque los seres humanos respiramos fundamentalmente por la nariz, todos respiramos parcialmente por la boca en determinadas circunstancias fisiológicas, por ejemplo, durante el ejercicio. (Proffit, W. R. Ed. interamericana, 1995. Pp. 129-132) En reposo, para respirar por la nariz, se requiere más esfuerzo que para hacerlo por la boca, los tortuosos conductos nasales representan una resistencia al flujo respiratorio mientras cumplen su función de alentar y humidificar el aire inspirado. Si la nariz está obstruida parcialmente, aumenta el trabajo para respirar por la misma y al llegar a un nivel determinado de resistencia al flujo respiratorio, el individuo cambia a la respiración bucal parcial, este punto varía de unos individuos a otros y su importancia radica en qué tan prolongada sea esta última. (Proffit, W. R. Ed. interamericana, 1995. Pp. 129-132

Intertidal sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from the west coast of the Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico

Nine species of sea anemones are documented from the west coast of the Peninsula of Baja California. Short descriptions of Anthopleura artemisia (Pickering in Dana, 1846), A elegantissima (Brandt, 1835), A. sola Pearse & Francis, 2000 and Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869 are provided, including images of the external and internal anatomy, as well as cnidae. In addition, an updated list of the sea anemone species recorded in Mexico, including both the Pacific and Atlantic regions, is provided. The northern species A. artemisia and E. prolifera are recorded for the first time in Mexico. With these new records, the number of sea anemone species known in the Mexican Pacific increases to 35, and to 57 for the entire country.Fil: Vasallo Avalos, Aurora. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: González Muñoz, Ricardo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Acuña, Fabian Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Cervantes Ramírez, Itzel Ittaí. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Rivas, Gerardo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Méxic

Design of Biopharmaceutical Formulations Accelerated by Machine Learning

In addition to activity, successful biological drugs must exhibit a series of suitable developability properties, which depend on both protein sequence and buffer composition. In the context of this high-dimensional optimization problem, advanced algorithms from the domain of machine learning are highly beneficial in complementing analytical screening and rational design. Here, we propose a Bayesian optimization algorithm to accelerate the design of biopharmaceutical formulations. We demonstrate the power of this approach by identifying the formulation that optimizes the thermal stability of three tandem single-chain Fv variants within 25 experiments, a number which is less than one-third of the experiments that would be required by a classical DoE method and several orders of magnitude smaller compared to detailed experimental analysis of full combinatorial space. We further show the advantage of this method over conventional approaches to efficiently transfer historical information as prior knowledge for the development of new biologics or when new buffer agents are available. Moreover, we highlight the benefit of our technique in engineering multiple biophysical properties by simultaneously optimizing both thermal and interface stabilities. This optimization minimizes the amount of surfactant in the formulation, which is important to decrease the risks associated with corresponding degradation processes. Overall, this method can provide high speed of converging to optimal conditions, the ability to transfer prior knowledge, and the identification of new nonlinear combinations of excipients. We envision that these features can lead to a considerable acceleration in formulation design and to parallelization of operations during drug development.ISSN:1543-8384ISSN:1543-839

Investigation of full-scale ozonation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant using a toxicity-based evaluation concept

<p>Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be point sources of micropollutants for surface waters. The aim of this study was to examine a reconstructed full-scale ozonation equipped with a pump-injector system for ozone (O₃) dosage and a fluidized moving-bed reactor as biological posttreatment at a municipal WWTP utilizing an effect-directed approach. This approach consists of chemical analysis in combination with toxicological tests for the assessment of treatment efficiency of the plant. Chemical analysis showed elimination rates > 80% for pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. Analysis of endocrine disruptors was limited due to substance concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD). Estrogenic activity was detected by the <i>Arxula Adeninivorans</i> yeast estrogen screen (A-YES) at low concentrations (pg to ng EEQ/l range). Estrogenic activity was reduced by more than 90% after ozonation. In contrast, androgenic activity (measured in the <i>Adeninivorans</i> yeast androgen screen, A-YAS) was still found after O₃ treatment and after biological posttreatment, which is consistent with the data obtained by chemical analysis. Furthermore, no marked genotoxic or cytotoxic effects were observed after ozonation using the alkaline comet and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid (MTT) assays, respectively. Results suggest that the applied specific O₃ dose of 0.4 mg_O3/mg_DOC is a safe operation setup in terms of toxicologically relevant transformation products. In addition, no adverse effects on primary producers, as evidenced by algae growth inhibition tests, were detected. The monitored biofilm growth in the biological posttreatment exhibited a steady state after one month. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and biomass, one might conclude that O₃ did not apparently enter biological posttreatment to a great extent and that hydraulic retention time in the O₃ reactor was sufficient. Our data demonstrate the effectiveness of a full-scale O₃ treatment in combination with a fluidized moving-bed reactor as biological posttreatment for the reduction of a majority of micropollutants without the release of relevant toxic transformation products as assessed by a chemical and toxicity-based approach.</p