Serious complication 1 year after sacrospinous ligament fixation

Myositis of the gluteal region caused by group A streptococci 1 year after a sacrospinous ligament fixation was recognised as a serious complication of this procedure. Most likely, the infection was spread to the gluteal region through a port d’entree caused by vaginal atrophy, via the non-resorbable sutures. The patient was treated successfully with antibiotics intravenous and local estrogens

Características de las microempresas del sector confecciones de la localidad barrios unidos de Bogotá D.C. como potenciales usuarias de una Spin Off universitaria

El presente estudio describe el rol que han tenido y tienen las microempresas en la economía colombiana, y como todos estos micro negocios tienen diversas limitaciones y falencias en campos como, procesos de formalización, metodologías contables, generación de indicadores de gestión e incorporación de tecnología a los procesos contables. Datos que además se hallaron en la GEM. (Gran encuesta a los Microempresarios) donde se asegura que “La mitad de las microempresas encuestadas no lleva ningún tipo de contabilidad (61% en comercio, 57% en servicios y 53% en industria), dando señales de elevada informalidad. Por su parte, la cuarta parte de los microempresarios tiene un contador (25% en comercio, 22% en servicios y 26% en industria) y entre 8% (comercio) y 15% (industria) tienen un software y un contador.” (Clavijo, 2018). Las pymes corresponden al segmento de alto crecimiento en nuestro país, siendo su participación, del 73%, seguido de las grandes que aglutinan el 27% restante. De acuerdo con el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, las empresas de menor tamaño son las que generan alrededor del 67% del empleo y cerca del 28% del PIB. Es así que esta investigación pretende realizar una caracterización de un sector de microempresarios dedicados a la actividad de confección ubicados en la ciudad de Bogotá Localidad Barrios unidos buscando resaltar sus cualidades, limitación, falencias y demás aspectos que inciden en el desarrollo de su actividad comercial. Por otra parte se desarrolla un análisis referente a las spin-off universitarias y como estas se han convertido en los últimos años en una modalidad importante de negocio entre los centros de investigación y tecnología universitarios y el sector empresarial tanto privado como público; esto ha conllevado a ser motivo de estudio, por el importante papel que se atribuye a los procesos de innovación, la creación de nuevos empleos, el apoyo económico a emprendimientos de jóvenes universitarios y el aporte al desarrollo socioeconómico. Se realiza una mirada relacionada con las spin off como estrategia de negocio y referente de innovación actualmente y las microempresas como el segmento que potencialmente podría hacer uso de los servicios de la spin off. Igualmente, se muestra los resultados del instrumento aplicado en la población objetivo. Finalmente, se enuncian algunas conclusiones relacionadas con la temática abordada.This study describes the role that microenterprises have played in the Colombian economy, and how all these micro businesses have various limitations and shortcomings in fields such as formalization processes, accounting methodologies, generation of management indicators and incorporation of technology into the accounting processes. Data that was also found in the GEM. (Large survey of Microentrepreneurs) where it is ensured that "Half of the surveyed microenterprises do not carry any type of accounting (61% in commerce, 57% in services and 53% in industry), showing signs of high informality. For its part, a quarter of microentrepreneurs have an accountant (25% in commerce, 22% in services and 26% in industry) and between 8% (commerce) and 15% (industry) have a software and an accountant. “(Clavijo, 2018). SMEs correspond to the segment of high growth in our country, with their participation, of 73%, followed by the large ones that agglutinate the remaining 27%. According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, smaller companies generate around 67% of employment and close to 28% of GDP. Thus, this research aims to characterize a sector of microentrepreneurs engaged in the clothing industry located in the city of Bogotá Barrios Unidos neighborhood seeking to highlight their qualities, limitations, shortcomings and other aspects that affect the development of their business. On the other hand, an analysis is developed regarding university spin-offs and how these have become in recent years an important business modality between university research and technology centers and the private and public business sector; This has led to being a reason for study, due to the important role attributed to innovation processes, the creation of new jobs, economic support for university youth undertakings and the contribution to socioeconomic development. A look is made related to the spin off as a business strategy and a benchmark for innovation currently and microenterprises as the segment that could potentially make use of spin-off services. Likewise, the results of the instrument applied in the target population are shown. Finally, some conclusions related to the topic addressed are stated

Breaking the Curve with CANDELS: A Bayesian Approach to Reveal the Non-Universality of the Dust-Attenuation Law at High Redshift

Dust attenuation affects nearly all observational aspects of galaxy evolution, yet very little is known about the form of the dust-attenuation law in the distant Universe. Here, we model the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies at z = 1.5--3 from CANDELS with rest-frame UV to near-IR imaging under different assumptions about the dust law, and compare the amount of inferred attenuated light with the observed infrared (IR) luminosities. Some individual galaxies show strong Bayesian evidence in preference of one dust law over another, and this preference agrees with their observed location on the plane of infrared excess (IRX, $L_{\text{TIR}}/L_{\text{UV}}$) and UV slope ($\beta$). We generalize the shape of the dust law with an empirical model, $A_{\lambda,\delta}=E(B-V)\ k_\lambda\ (\lambda/\lambda_V)^\delta$ where $k_\lambda$ is the dust law of Calzetti et al. (2000), and show that there exists a correlation between the color excess ${E(B-V)}$ and tilt $\delta$ with ${\delta=(0.62\pm0.05)\log(E(B-V))}$+ ${(0.26~\pm~0.02)}$. Galaxies with high color excess have a shallower, starburst-like law, and those with low color excess have a steeper, SMC-like law. Surprisingly, the galaxies in our sample show no correlation between the shape of the dust law and stellar mass, star-formation rate, or $\beta$. The change in the dust law with color excess is consistent with a model where attenuation is caused by by scattering, a mixed star-dust geometry, and/or trends with stellar population age, metallicity, and dust grain size. This rest-frame UV-to-near-IR method shows potential to constrain the dust law at even higher ($z>3$) redshifts.Comment: 20 pages, 18 figures, resubmitted to Ap

CANDELS: The Contribution of the Observed Galaxy Population to Cosmic Reionization

We present measurements of the specific ultraviolet luminosity density from a sample of 483 galaxies at 6<z<8. These galaxies were selected from new deep near-infrared HST imaging from the CANDELS, HUDF09 and ERS programs. In contrast to the majority of previous analyses, which assume that the distribution of galaxy ultraviolet (UV) luminosities follows a Schechter distribution, and that the distribution continues to luminosities far below our observable limit, we investigate the contribution to reionization from galaxies which we can observe, free from these assumptions. We find that the observable population of galaxies can sustain a fully reionized IGM at z=6, if the average ionizing photon escape fraction (f_esc) is ~30%. A number of previous studies have measured UV luminosity densities at these redshifts that vary by 5X, with many concluding that galaxies could not complete reionization by z=6 unless a large population of galaxies fainter than the detection limit were invoked, or extremely high values of f_esc were present. The observed UV luminosity density from our observed galaxy samples at z=7-8 is not sufficient to maintain a fully reionized IGM unless f_esc>50%. Combining our observations with constraints on the emission rate of ionizing photons from Ly-alpha forest observations at z=6, we can constrain f_esc<34% (2-sigma) if the observed galaxies are the only contributors to reionization, or <13% (2-sigma) if the luminosity function extends to M_UV = -13. These escape fractions are sufficient to complete reionization by z=6. These constraints imply that the volume ionized fraction of the IGM becomes less than unity at z>7, consistent with a number of complementary reionization probes. If faint galaxies dominate reionization, future JWST observations will probe deep enough to see them, providing an indirect constraint on the ionizing photon escape fraction [abridged].Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, Submitted to the Astrophysical Journa

The Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function at z= 4-8: A Steepening Low-mass-end Slope with Increasing Redshift

We present galaxy stellar mass functions (GSMFs) at $z=$ 4-8 from a rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) selected sample of $\sim$4500 galaxies, found via photometric redshifts over an area of $\sim$280 arcmin$^2$ in the CANDELS/GOODS fields and the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The deepest Spitzer/IRAC data yet-to-date and the relatively large volume allow us to place a better constraint at both the low- and high-mass ends of the GSMFs compared to previous space-based studies from pre-CANDELS observations. Supplemented by a stacking analysis, we find a linear correlation between the rest-frame UV absolute magnitude at 1500 \AA\ ($M_{\rm UV}$) and logarithmic stellar mass ($\log M_*$) that holds for galaxies with $\log(M_*/M_{\odot}) \lesssim 10$. We use simulations to validate our method of measuring the slope of the $\log M_*$-$M_{\rm UV}$ relation, finding that the bias is minimized with a hybrid technique combining photometry of individual bright galaxies with stacked photometry for faint galaxies. The resultant measured slopes do not significantly evolve over $z=$ 4-8, while the normalization of the trend exhibits a weak evolution toward lower masses at higher redshift. We combine the $\log M_*$-$M_{\rm UV}$ distribution with observed rest-frame UV luminosity functions at each redshift to derive the GSMFs, finding that the low-mass-end slope becomes steeper with increasing redshift from $\alpha=-1.55^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$ at $z=4$ to $\alpha=-2.25^{+0.72}_{-0.35}$ at $z=8$. The inferred stellar mass density, when integrated over $M_*=10^8$-$10^{13} M_{\odot}$, increases by a factor of $10^{+30}_{-2}$ between $z=7$ and $z=4$ and is in good agreement with the time integral of the cosmic star formation rate density.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figures, ApJ, in pres