The impact of self-handicapping strategies use on the impression formation

Self-handicapping is usually defined as any claim, action or choice of performance setting that enhances the opportunity to externalize (or excuse) failure and to internalize (accept credit for) success. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of using different self-handicapping strategies on formation of the impression about the person. We collected data from 365 participants, whose task was to read a story about the person who failed on the task delegated to him/her, and to appraise that person using a set of items. The type of self-handicapping strategy (self-reported internal, self-reported external, behavioural internal, behavioural external, without self-handicapping) was varied between participants. The results revealed a negative impact of using behavioural self-handicapping on the impression of the actor, especially in the case of behavioural internal self-handicapping. On the other hand, self-reported external self-handicapping emerged as a very efficient strategy for positive self-presentation, while self-reported internal self-handicapping had some positive and some negative effects. Generally, the impact of some self-handicapping strategy was negative to the extent to which the reason for failure was perceived as internal, controllable and stable. The results were discussed in the context of distinction between behavioural and self-reported self-handicapping strategies

Cultivation of broccoli

Svjetska proizvodnja brokule (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) je u stalnom porastu zbog povećanog zanimanja za ovu namirnicu visoke hranidbene vrijednosti ali i dokazanog kemoprotektivnog djelovanja. U Hrvatskoj raznolikost klimatskih prilika pruža veliki potencijal za uzgoj brokule, te se odgovarajućim izborom kultivara, rokova uzgoja i proizvodnog područja može osigurati kontinuiranost opskrbe tržišta i prerađivačke industrije tijekom cijele godine.The world production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) is constantly increasing as a result of increased interest for this highly nutritious food and evidencebased chemoprotective effect as well. In Croatia, a continuous supply of fresh broccoli to the processing industry and the market can be realized by selecting a suitable hybrid broccoli cultivars, optimal growing periods and production area

Procjena razabirljivosti govora trogodišnjaka

Ovaj rad bavi se roditeljskom, odgojiteljskom i stručnom procjenom razabirljivosti govora trogodišnjaka. Podijeljen je na teorijski i eksperimentalni dio. U teorijskome dijelu rada objašnjen je razvoj govora s detaljnim opisom fonološkoga razvoja u dobi od 3;0 do 4;0 godine života. Dio opisa razvoja govora čini i pregled istraživanja koja se bave spolnim razlikama u fonološkome razvoju. Sazrijevanjem artikulatora i svladavanjem fonoloških pravila razvija se izgovor glasova. Je li stupanj izgovora određenoga glasa u skladu s dobi, utvrđuje se različitim mjerama razabirljivosti. Ukratko, razabirljivost se odnosi na prepoznavanje ili identifikaciju riječi i glasova u njoj. U eksperimentalnome dijelu rada provedeno je istraživanje razabirljivosti govora trogodišnjaka na uzorku od 60 ispitanika, jednak broj dječaka i djevojčica. Istraživanje se sastojalo od dva dijela. U prvome dijelu odgojiteljima i roditeljima dan je upitnik kako bi procijenili razabirljivost govora svoga djeteta. S obzirom na to da roditelji i odgojitelji s djetetom provode najviše vremena, njihovo mišljenje smatra se vrlo važnim. Spomenuti upitnik, Ljestvica razabirljivosti u kontekstu prevedena je na hrvatski jezik u sklopu međunarodnoga projekta (detalji su dostupni na http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/ics). Mjera je to kojom roditelj odnosno odgojitelj procjenjuje koliko je govor djeteta razabirljiv njemu i okolini (članovima uže i šire obitelji, djetetovim prijateljima, ostalim poznanicima i nepoznatima). U drugome dijelu snimljen je govorni materijal djece na riječima u zadatku imenovanja slika. Dobiveni materijal preslušan je i transkribiran, a zatim obrađen u smislu procjene izgovora svakoga glasa. Prema rezultatima ovoga istraživanja, u govoru trogodišnjaka je 68% razvijenih fonema, 64% razvijenih konsonanata te 99% razvijenih vokala. Uspoređujući postotke razabirljivosti govora odgojiteljske (89%) i roditeljske (86%) procjene s postotkom mjere PPC (68%) korištene u stručnoj procjeni, zaključujemo da su odgojiteljska i roditeljska procjena manje kritične od stručne procjene po pitanju razabirljivosti govora. Daljnjom procjenom razvoja glasova, dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na razvijene vokale, poluvokale (/v/, /j/), okluzive (izuzev glasova /d/ i /g/), većinski nazale (razvijeni su /m/ i /n/), djelomično razvijene frikative (razvijeni su /f/ i /x/) te nerazvijene afrikate, laterale, vibrant /r/ i slogotvorno /ṛ/ u dobi od tri godine. Postotak razabirljivosti skupina glasova povezan je s redoslijedom njihova pojavljivanja u govoru što odgovara pojavi fonološke progresije. Stoga, ovim istraživanjem povezuje se roditeljska, odgojiteljska i stručna procjena dječjega govora. Rezultati istraživanja prikazuju razvijenost i razabirljivost izgovora u dobi od tri godine.This paper deals with parental, teacher and expert assessment of speech intelligibility concerning children at the age of three. It is composed of theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part is concerned with the development of speech with a detailed description of phonological development between the age 3;0 to 4;0. As an important part, historical overview of studies on gender differences is presented. Pronunciation is developed with the maturation of the articulator and the mastering of phonological rules. Different measures of intelligibility determine whether the level of a certain sound is in accordance with age. Intelligibility refers to recognition or identification of words and sounds within them. In the experimental part of the research, speech intelligibility research was carried out on a sample of 60 participants, 30 boys and an equal number of girls. The research is consisted of two parts. In the first part, teachers and parents were given a questionnaire to assess the intelligibility of their child's speech. Given the fact that parents and teachers spend the most of their time with the child, their opinion is a valuable input and is considered to be very important. Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) has been translated into the Croatian language as a part of the international project (details are available on http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/ics). The parent or teacher assess whether the child's speech is intelligible to them and their environment (members of immediate and extended family, child's friends, other acquaintances and strangers). In the second part of the research, phonological development was assessed in a picture-naming task. The collected material has been transcribed and the phonological development assessed. 31 sounds were tested. According to the results of the study, in a speech of children aged three there are 68% developed phonemes, 64% developed consonants and 99% developed vocals. Comparing percentages of speech intelligibility in teacher and parental assessment with the PPC measure used in expert assessment, it is concluded that teacher and parental assessment is less critical. The results obtained in further assessment of the sound development indicate on developed vocals, semivowels (/v/, /j/), plosives (except for the sounds /d/ and /g/), nasals (/m/ and /n/ are developed), partially developed fricatives (/f/ and /x/ are developed) and underdeveloped affricates, lateral approximants, trill /r/ and syllabic /ṛ/ at the age of three. The groups of sounds percentage of intelligibility is associated with the order of their occurrence in a speech which corresponds to appearance of phonological progression. This research combines the parental, teacher and expert assessment of children's speech. The results of the research show pronunciation development and intelligibility at the age of three

Cultivation of broccoli

Svjetska proizvodnja brokule (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) je u stalnom porastu zbog povećanog zanimanja za ovu namirnicu visoke hranidbene vrijednosti ali i dokazanog kemoprotektivnog djelovanja. U Hrvatskoj raznolikost klimatskih prilika pruža veliki potencijal za uzgoj brokule, te se odgovarajućim izborom kultivara, rokova uzgoja i proizvodnog područja može osigurati kontinuiranost opskrbe tržišta i prerađivačke industrije tijekom cijele godine.The world production of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) is constantly increasing as a result of increased interest for this highly nutritious food and evidencebased chemoprotective effect as well. In Croatia, a continuous supply of fresh broccoli to the processing industry and the market can be realized by selecting a suitable hybrid broccoli cultivars, optimal growing periods and production area

TRŽIŠTE NAFTNIH DERIVATA ŠIRE REGIJE JUGOISTOČNE EUROPE

U posljednjih nekoliko godina pod utjecajem globalne ekonomske krize došlo je do značajnog pada potrošnje naftnih derivata u zemljama regije. Kako bi se što preciznije utvrdio utjecaj krize na potrošnju analizom je obuhvaćena šira regija koja uključuje Hrvatsku, Srbiju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Makedoniju, Sloveniju, Crnu Goru, Kosovo, Češku, Slovačku, Mađarsku, Rumunjsku, Bugarsku, Grčku, Albaniju, Italiju i Austriju. Pad potrošnje prvenstveno je posljedica globalne ekonomske krize, ali i smanjenja ukupnog broja stanovnika u regiji, povećanja energijske efikasnosti te supstitucije fosilnih goriva drugim oblicima energije. Pad potrošnje naftnih derivata za 15 % u razdoblju od 2007. do 2012. imao je izravan utjecaj na razinu prerade u rafinerijama regije. Nekoliko rafinerija već je zatvoreno ili su prenamijenjene u skladišne centre dok su druge obustavile ili smanjile proizvodnju na pojedinim proizvodnim postrojenjima. Kako se u skorijoj budućnosti ne prognozira značajan porast potrošnje mogu se očekivati daljnja zatvaranja rafinerijskih kapaciteta

VIRUSES OF SOME GARLIC ECOTYPES IN CROATIA

Recent, there is increasing demand for autochthonous ecotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Croatia. Many local ecotypes of garlic are developed due to specific environmental conditions and producer's selection. However, the average yield of garlic is not in the European average range, since the classical vegetative propagation from cloves usually results with virus infections that cause significant yield reduction. Viruses are considered significant garlic’s pathogens. The research was set up to determine infection rate in plant material of different garlic ecotypes grown from cloves in different regions. Plants were collected from commercial fields in Zadar County (coastal part of Croatia) and Vukovar-Srijem County (eastern Croatia) and were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on the presence of three viruses: Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) and Garlic common latent virus (GCLV). As a potential source ofantigen leaf tissue was used and tests were conducted according to manufacturer’s instructions (Bioreba AG, Switzerland). In plants from Zadar County dominant was OYDV, followed by GCLV and LYSV. All tested plants originating from Vukovar-Srijem County were infected with three tested viruses. Out of 316 analyzed plants only 4 (1.3%) showed to be free from viruses included in survey. Plants infected with OYDV showed symptoms of leaf yellowing and reduced growth, while those infected with LYSV expressed yellow stripes. Symptoms were most evident at the beginning of vegetation. Due to high infection rate, deteriorated sanitary status, and increased interest in use and production of local garlic ecotypes, work on sanitary selection will be important part of revitalization program

Glucosinolates concentration and yield of broccoli cultivars in different growing periods

Potrošnja brokule u Hrvatskoj porasla je tijekom posljednjih desetak godina zbog njezine izuzetne nutritivne vrijednosti koja ovisi o genetskim, abiotskim i agrotehničkim čimbenicima. Zbog genotipa, sorte brokule se razlikuju u koncentraciji bioaktivnih spojeva, odnosno, učinku na ljudsko zdravlje. Promjenjiv sastav i koncentracija fitotvari glavni su problem pri proizvodnji povrća kao funkcionalne hrane, od koje se očekuje ujednačena razina zdravstvene vrijednosti. Budući da je na tržištu prisutan raznolik sortiment, postavljeno je istraživanje s ciljem odabira perspektivnih sorata brokule, za uzgoj u uvjetima sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, odgovarajućeg prinosa i koncentracije pojedinačnih te ukupnih glukozinolata u različitim rokovima uzgoja. Najveći prinos tržnog vršnog cvata ostvarila je sorta Parthenon (13,3 t/ha) u proljetno-ljetnom roku, odnosno sorta Montop (15,0 t/ha) u ljetno-jesenskom roku uzgoja. Testirane sorte brokule statistički su se značajno razlikovale u koncentraciji ukupnih glukozinolata. Tijekom proljetno-ljetnog roka uzgoja u vršnom cvatu sorata brokule utvrđene su značajno veće vrijednosti ukupnih glukozinolata (12 do 22,5 μmol/g suhe tvari), nego u ljetno-jesenskom uzgojnom roku (5,4 do 15,5 μmol/g suhe tvari).In recent decades, broccoli consumption in Croatia increased due to its exceptional nutritive value, which depends on genetic, abiotic factors and agronomic factors. Because of the genotype, there are significant variation in the concentration of bioactive compounds among broccoli cultivars which affects on the human health. Variations in concentration of phytochemicals is the major problem in the production of vegetables as functional food, while uniform level of health is expected.As numerous broccoli cultivars are available at the market, research with the aim to select promising hybrid broccoli cultivars for growing in agroecological conditions of northwestern Croatia, with high values of yield and concentration of individual and total glucosinolates in different growing periods. The highest values of top inflorescence yield were achieved by ‘Parthenon’ (13.3 t/ha) in spring-summer growing period and ‘Montop’ (15.0 t/ha) in summer-autumn growing period. There were significant differences among broccoli cultivars in total glucosinolates concentration. The values of total glucosinolates in broccoli top inflorescence were significantly higher during spring-summer growing period (12 to 22.5 μmol/g dry weight) than in summer-autumn growing period (5.4 to 15.5 μmol/g dry weight)

Ekstrakcija polifenola vodenim dvofaznim sustavima primjenom mikroekstraktora: optimiranje i intenzifikacija procesa

Polyphenols are one of the most numerous and widespread groups of compounds in the plant world. Nowadays, organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate and diethylether are mainly used for the extraction of polyphenols. These solvents require special process conditions and special care in the disposal of the used solvents. In this paper, the extraction of polyphenols from the model solution was performed using the aqueous two-phase system which contains 80.90 % water and represents low burden on the environment. The aqueous solution of gallic acid (GA) was used as a model solution of polyphenols. The extraction was performed in the aqueous two-phase system containing PEG6000/H2O/(NH4)2SO4 in a macroextractor (V=10 mL) and microextractor (V=14 μL). The influence of the process parameters, the concentration of gallic acid, pH and composition of the aqueous two-phase system was investigated in order to maximize the partition coefficient. The method of multifactor experimental planning was used to optimize the extraction process and the results were statistically analysed using the evolutionary operation method (EVOP). Optimal operating conditions of the extraction process were pH=6.50, γGA=4.50 g/L, the mass fraction of polyethylene glycol (PEG) wPEG=0.1037 g/g and the mass fraction of ammonium sulphate (AMS) wAMS=0.0925 g/g. Under these conditions the maximal partition coefficient of K=5.54 and the extraction efficiency of E=89.11 % were achieved and successfully applied for total phenol extraction from white wine in the macro- and microextractor. Approximately the same partition coefficients and extraction efficiency were achieved in the microextractor within a 60-fold shorter residence time.Polifenoli su jedna od najbrojnijih i najrasprostranjenijih skupina spojeva u biljnome svijetu. U današnje se vrijeme za ekstrakciju polifenola koriste uglavnom organska otapala (metanol, etanol, aceton, dimetilformamid, etilacetat i dietileter) koja nepovoljno utječu na okoliš, zahtijevaju posebne uvjete provedbe procesa i zbrinjavanje iskorištenih otapala. U ovom je radu ekstrakcija polifenola iz modelne otopine provedena u vodenom dvofaznom sustavu koji sadrži približno 80-90 % pa neznatno onečišćuje okoliš. Kao modelna otopina polifenola upotrijebljena je vodena otopina galne kiseline (GA), a sama ekstrakcija provedena je u vodenom dvofaznom sustavu sastava PEG6000/H2O/(NH4)2SO4 u makroekstraktoru (V=10 mL) i mikroekstraktoru (V=14 µL). Ispitivan je utjecaj karakterističnih procesnih veličina, koncentracije galne kiseline, pH-vrijednosti i sastava vodenoga dvofaznog sustava na koeficijent raspodjele. Primijenjena je metoda višefaktorskog planiranja pokusa kako bi se optimirao proces ekstrakcije, a dobiveni su rezultati statistički obrađeni primjenom metode evolucijskih operacija (EVOP). Kao optimalni radni uvjeti provedbe procesa ekstrakcije dobiveni su pH-vrijednost=6,50, γ(galna kiselina)=4,50 g/L, maseni udio polietilenglikola (PEG) w(PEG)=0,1037 g/g te maseni udio amonijeva sulfata (AMS) w(AMS)=0,0925. Pri navedenim uvjetima postignut je maksimalni koeficijent raspodjele K=5,54 i učinkovitost procesa ekstrakcije E=89,11 % te je uspješno provedena ekstrakcija ukupnih polifenola iz bijeloga vina u mikroekstraktoru i makroekstraktoru. Uspoređujući oba sustava, približno isti koeficijent raspodjele i ekstrakcijski koeficijent postignut je u mikroekstraktoru za 60 puta kraće vrijeme zadržavanja u usporedbi s makroekstraktorom

Root rot in hydroponic cultivation with reference to Thielaviopsis basicola and Pythium sp.

U radu su navedeni uzročnici bolesti koji su do sada dokazani u hidroponskom uzgoju (Botrytis cinerea, Passalora fulva, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Pseudomonas corugata, Phytophtora parasitica, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp.) na kamenoj vuni u nas. Uvođenjem novih tehnika uzgoja kao npr. uzgoju na plutajućim kontejnerima i akvaponici pojavile su se do sada kod nas nezabilježene bolesti. Tako su 2011. na salati, a 2012. godine na matovilcu došlo do truleži korijena, u uzgoju na plutajućim kontejnerima. U 2016. godini na salati u sistemu akvaponike također su primijećene promjene na biljkama salate. Opisani su simptomi i determinirani uzročnici bolesti. Na korijenu matovilca konstatirana je gljiva Thielaviopsis basicola, a na salati, bez obzira na način uzgoja utvrđena je Pythium vrsta. Prodiskutirane su prednosti i nedostatci proizvodnje povrća u hidroponskom uzgoju i predložene mjere zaštite. Ovo su prvi nalazi Thielaviopsis basicola na matovilcu i Pythium vrste na salati u hidroponskom uzgoju u Hrvatskoj.The paper lists causal agents of diseases that have so far been established in hydroponic cultivation (Botrytis cinerea, Passalora fulva, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Pseudomonas corugata, Phytophthora parasitica, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp.) on mineral wool in Croatia. With the introduction of some new techniques of cultivation, such as cultivation on the floating containers and aquaponics, some new diseases previously undetected in Croatia have emerged. Thus, in the cultivation on the floating containers, in 2011 on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and in 2012 on lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella olitoria), root rot were observed. Also the same changes on roots were observed on lettuce in aquaponics in 2016. In this paper symptoms of these diseases were described and their causal agents determined. Fungus Thielaviopsis basicola was found on roots of lamb’s lettuce while a Pythium species, regardless of the method of cultivation, was found on lettuce. The advantages and disadvantages of vegetable production in hydroponics were discussed and protection measures were proposed. These are the first reports of Thielaviopsis basicola on lamb’s lettuce and Pythium on lettuce in hydroponic cultivation in Croatia