Análise sensorial de azeite de oliva

A análise sensorial de azeites de oliva constitui-se de ferramenta fundamental na determinação da classe comercial dos azeites. Para obtenção desta certificação, o azeite deve passar pela análise de um grupo formado por 8 a 12 pessoas, treinadas e qualificadas por órgãos reguladores, denominado panel test, que caracterizará as propriedades organolépticas dos azeites, definindo sua classificação comercial. A análise sensorial tem importância significativa para julgar a qualidade final do produto. Estas análises são realizadas em laboratórios específicos, outras organizações, ou se o fabricante comercializa grandes quantidades de azeite, em comissões dentro da própria empresa. O azeite de oliva, segundo norma brasileira, pode ser classificado em azeite de oliva virgem, azeite de oliva, azeite de oliva refinado e azeite de bagaço de oliva. Os exames realizados nas amostras de azeite são o visual, olfativo e gustativo. O processo do retrogosto é a sensação gustativoolfatória, deixada pelo azeite na boca, após ser deglutido ou cuspido. Esse exercício facilita a percepção sobre as características de determinado azeite, podendo existir o retrogosto positivo e o negativo. A sala de degustação deve conter acessórios, aquecedor de azeites, cabines de degustação, local de preparação das amostras e para limpeza dos materiais e sala para treinos de panel aberto. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com a presente revisão apresentar como se deve proceder frente a uma análise sensorial de azeite de oliva, o local para a realização desta análise e os principais defeitos encontrados em um azeite de qualidade

Initial development of Physalis seedlings in substrates and containers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Physalis peruviana and Physalis pubescens in containers and substrates, as well as the growth of transplanted P. pubescens seedlings into different containers and substrates. It was used for transplanting experiment (E1) plastic bags, disposable plastic glasses and plastic tubes containing four substrates: oxisol; commercial substrate; commercial substrate + fine washed sand; and commercial substrate + oxisol + fine washed sand. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E2) it was used polystyrene and polypropylene trays, both with 200 cells containing two substrates: vermiculite + commercial substrate and vermiculite + oxisol. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E3), it was used polystyrene trays with 128 and 200 cells and plastic tubes containing four substrates: commercial substrate, oxisol, fine washed sand, oxisol + fine washed sand and oxisol + fine washed sand + commercial substrate. The experimental design used in E1, E2 and E3 was randomized blocks in factorial 3x4, 2x2, and 3x5, respectively, containing 4 replicates and 10 plants per plot. The use of commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® for P. pubescens seedlings transplanted from seedbed to containers such as plastic glasses or plastic bags provides better seedling growth. For Physalis peruviana, better results are verified in the use of polypropylene tubes containing washed fine sand + commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® + oxisol or washed fine sand + oxisol. Better results for formation of P. pubescens seedlings were verified by using expanded polystyrene trays containing oxisol + vermiculite mixture.The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of Physalis peruviana and Physalis pubescens in containers and substrates, as well as the growth of transplanted P. pubescens seedlings into different containers and substrates. It was used for transplanting experiment (E1) plastic bags, disposable plastic glasses and plastic tubes containing four substrates: oxisol; commercial substrate; commercial substrate + fine washed sand; and commercial substrate + oxisol + fine washed sand. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E2) it was used polystyrene and polypropylene trays, both with 200 cells containing two substrates: vermiculite + commercial substrate and vermiculite + oxisol. For the experiment of containers x substrates (E3), it was used polystyrene trays with 128 and 200 cells and plastic tubes containing four substrates: commercial substrate, oxisol, fine washed sand, oxisol + fine washed sand and oxisol + fine washed sand + commercial substrate. The experimental design used in E1, E2 and E3 was randomized blocks in factorial 3x4, 2x2, and 3x5, respectively, containing 4 replicates and 10 plants per plot. The use of commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® for P. pubescens seedlings transplanted from seedbed to containers such as plastic glasses or plastic bags provides better seedling growth. For Physalis peruviana, better results are verified in the use of polypropylene tubes containing washed fine sand + commercial substrate Húmus Fértil® + oxisol or washed fine sand + oxisol. Better results for formation of P. pubescens seedlings were verified by using expanded polystyrene trays containing oxisol + vermiculite mixture

Sensory profile and physical-chemical analysis of integral grape juice prepared through steam extraction process

For the making of juice of integral, without additive of sugars, as well as well as the elasticized well, the level of milk and flavored. As vegetable materials were used as cultivars Bordô, Tannat, Moscato and Niagara Rosada. The berries were placed without a steam extractor to extract the whole juice. Three types of juices were analyzed: Bordô, Moscato / Niagara Rosada and Tannat. Two extractions were performed for each treatment, considering each extraction as a repetition. As a form of preservation uses a pasteurization. The result is 50%. With the product ready, sensory and physical tests were performed by sampling. Sensory analysis was based on appearance, smell and gustatory parameters, following a Likert scale. Physical, chemical, and concentrated analyzes of grape juice, pH, titratable acidity, ash, soluble solids and alcohol. Three replicates of each analysis were generated, each with a capacity of 500 mL. All samples of whole grape juice within the parameters of current Brazilian legislation. The grape juice was well accepted among the tasters. Integral juice is best elaborated when using a balanced blend between a more intense coloring variety, such as "Bordô" and with more pronounced flavor / aroma, such as Moscato/Niagara Rosada)

CULTURE MEDIUM KNUDSON MODIFIED UTILIZED IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF ORCHID’S HYBRID

The genera Cattleya, Laelia and Brassavola occur naturally in Brazil and they are world wide wanted as ornate plants and that desire for them creates the necessity to develop better propagation’s techniques not only to attend the market needs but also to contribute to the replacement of the endangered species where they could become extinct. The explant’s origin and the culture medium where they are cultivated are determinative factors for plants tissue culture success. The purpose was to test Knudson culture media concentrations and MS media vitamins in orchid subcultive BC pastoral x LC Amber Glow. The current experiment was accomplished being used concentrations of Knudson media concentrations (0%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200%) combined with MS media vitamins concentrations (0%, 50%, 100% and 200%). The explants used were from plantlets germinated in vitro with medium size 1 to 1.5 cm, submitted to the uniformization in Knudson media for three months. Its concluded that the increase in number of buds and leves of hybrid is not influenced with MS vitamin addition in the culture medium Knudson. The culture medium Knudson does not promote increase to radicular system. Vitamins of the MS added to culture medium are beneficial for good development of roots.Os gêneros Cattleya, Laelia e Brassavola, de ocorrência natural no Brasil, são muito procurados como planta ornamental. Esta demanda cria a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas mais eficazes de propagação para atender o mercado e contribuir com a reposição de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. A origem dos explantes e o meio nutritivo onde são cultivados são fatores determinantes para o sucesso da cultura de tecidos vegetais. Objetivou-se testar concentrações do meio de cultura Knudson e vitaminas do meio MS no subcultivo da orquídea Brassocattleya Pastoral x Laeliocattleya Amber Glow. O experimento foi realizado usando-se concentrações do meio Knudson (0%, 50%, 100%, 150% e 200%) combinadas com concentrações de vitaminas do meio MS (0%, 50%, 100% e 200%). Os explantes utilizados foram plântulas oriundas da germinação in vitro, com tamanho médio de 1-1,5 cm, submetidos à uniformização em meio Knudson durante três meses. Concluiu-se que o aumento no número de brotos e folhas do híbrido não são influenciados com a adição de vitaminas MS no meio Knudson. O meio Knudson não promove aumento no sistema radicular. Vitaminas do meio MS adicionadas ao meio de cultivo são benéficas para o bom desenvolvimento das raízes

MEIOS DE CULTURA E REGULADORES DE CRESCIMENTO NA MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS DE VIDEIRA

The micropropagation of grapevine is used, mainly, for the obtaining uniforms plants, virus-free and in a short space of time. With the objective to improve techniques of grapevine rootstocks micropropagation (Vitis sp.), nodal segments with 2,5 cm length and 2 axillary’s buds, deriving by plants in vitro had been excised and inoculated in different culture medium, supplemented with four concentrations of cinetina and four of 6-benzilaminopurin (BAP), in all possible combinations. The pH was adjusted for 6,4 (DSD1) and 5,8 (MS), before the addition 6 g cm-3 of agar and the sterilization by 121 °C and 1 atm per 20 min. After the inoculation, the explants had been transferred to growth room the 25 ± 2 °C, irradiance of 35  mol m-2 s-1 and fotoperíodo of 16 h, where had remained in these conditions per 70 days. The used experimental delineation was casualizated, using 4 repetitions and 3 tubes contends onde explant each. Bigger buds’s number of ‘Kobber 5BB' was verified in culture medium Kc. For the rootstock ‘VR043-43' the culture medium more adjusted in the multiplication in vitro was DSD1. Better resulted in the ‘R110’ micropropagation and little formation of callus had been observed in the absence of growth regulators in the culture medium.A micropropagação de videira é utilizada, principalmente, para a obtenção de plantas uniformes, livres de vírus e num curto espaço de tempo. Com o objetivo de aprimorar técnicas de micropropagação de porta-enxertos de videira (Vitis sp.), segmentos nodais com cerca 2,5 cm e 2 gemas axilares, oriundos de brotações pré-estabelecidas in vitro foram excisados e inoculados em diferentes meios, suplementado com quatro concentrações de cinetina e quatro de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), em todas as combinações possíveis. O pH foi ajustado para 6,4 (meio DSD1) e 5,8 (demais meios), antes da adição de 6 g dm-3 de ágar e da esterilização a 121 °C e 1 atm por 20 min. Após a inoculação, os explantes foram transferidos para sala de crescimento a 25 ± 2 °C, irradiância de 35 mmol m–2 s–1 e fotoperíodo de 16 h, onde permaneceram nessas condições por 70 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se de 4 repetições constituídas de 3 tubos contendo um explante cada. Verificou-se maior número de brotações de ‘Kobber 5BB’ em meio de cultura Kc. Para o porta-enxerto ‘VR043-43’ o meio mais adequado na multiplicação in vitro foi o DSD1. Melhores resultados na micropropagação de ‘R110’ e pouca formação de calos foram observados na ausência dos reguladores de crescimento no meio de cultivo.&nbsp

Comportamento agronômico de cultivares de videiras finas em diferentes épocas de poda

The wine industry is a very important activity on the national scene, having important role in diversification and incorporation of income for small farms. Given the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate pruning times associated with the use of hydrogen cyanamide for dormancy breaking into thin variety vines. ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Tannat’ in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in didactic orchard located in the Experimental Station Unioeste, between June and December/2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial 3 x 4 (pruning times x cultivars). The cultivars were grafted on rootstock Paulsen1103 and pruning on July 21, August 04 and August 18, where he was then the application of hydrogen cyanamide. Evaluated in the growing season overall growth of the branches and stem diameter. At harvest, they were evaluated biomass, volume, width, length and number of clusters, biomass rachis, biomass and diameter of berries, production and productivity. Within the vegetative parameters, the ‘Merlot’ presented larger diameter stems and the Cabernet Sauvignon highest total growth of branches. The variety Cabernet Franc’ showed higher production and productivity. Early pruning showed better results for the studied cultivars.A vitivinicultura é uma atividade de grande relevância no cenário nacional, tendo importante papel na diversificação e incorporação de renda às pequenas propriedades. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar épocas de poda, associadas ao uso de cianamida hidrogenada para superação de dormência em videiras finas cvs. ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’ e ‘Tannat’ em Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná. O experimento foi realizado em pomar didático localizado na Estação Experimental da Unioeste, entre junho e dezembro/2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (épocas de poda x cultivares). As cultivares avaliadas foram enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto Paulsen1103 e as podas realizadas em 21 de julho, 04 de agosto e 18 de agosto, onde fez-se em seguida a aplicação da cianamida hidrogenada. Avaliaram-se no período vegetativo o crescimento total dos ramos e diâmetro do caule. Na colheita, avaliaram-se a biomassa, volume, largura, comprimento e número de cachos, biomassa de ráquis, biomassa e diâmetro das bagas, produção e produtividade. Dentro dos parâmetros vegetativos, a ‘Merlot’ apresentou maior diâmetro de caule e a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ maior crescimento total de ramos. A cv. Cabernet Franc apresentou maior produção e produtividade. A poda antecipada apresentou melhores resultados para as cultivares estudadas em 2012 na região.

Rootstocks in developing rustic grapevine in two counties in West of Paraná State, Brazil

The vine, when studied in different places and years, allow extensive conclusion on cultural adaptation in a specific region. The objective of this research was to evaluate two rootstocks and three cultivars of rustic grapes under bench grafting at Toledo and Ouro Verde do Oeste (Paraná State, Brazil). Both researches were conducted in a private property, evaluating forming and plant development and of this plants in field. Bench grafting was used for plant forming, by saddle graft. After 90 days grafting root percentage and graft union were evaluated. Then, plants were conducted in field and after 15 days the average sprouting height and number of surviving plants was analyzed. Past 120 days the second phase that consisted of: diameter of horizontal cordon, number of grow plants, number of gems and number of branches than reach the second, and third line of the support system was evaluated. The experiment design was of randomized blocks with factorial arrangement 2x3x2. When the arrangement wasn’t significant for triple and double interaction, each experiment was analyzed alone in factorial arrangement 2x3. All parameters did not show influence concerning local. In the first phase only height of sprouting was significantly at Ouro Verde do Oeste. The IAC-766 Campinas rootstock was better than 420-A to Bordô variety. In the second phase, the IAC-766 Campinas rootstock was more vigorous than 420-A to form a vineyard. Both rootstocks and cultivars are indicated to both counties