786 research outputs found

    Quantum-Limited Measurement and Information in Mesoscopic Detectors

    Full text link
    We formulate general conditions necessary for a linear-response detector to reach the quantum limit of measurement efficiency, where the measurement-induced dephasing rate takes on its minimum possible value. These conditions are applicable to both non-interacting and interacting systems. We assess the status of these requirements in an arbitrary non-interacting scattering based detector, identifying the symmetries of the scattering matrix needed to reach the quantum limit. We show that these conditions are necessary to prevent the existence of information in the detector which is not extracted in the measurement process.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur

    Properties of hyperons in chiral perturbation theory

    Get PDF
    The development of chiral perturbation theory in hyperon phenomenology has been troubled due to power-counting subtleties and to a possible slow convergence. Furthermore, the presence of baryon-resonances, e.g. the lowest-lying decuplet, complicates the approach, and the inclusion of their effects may become necessary. Recently, we have shown that a fairly good convergence is possible using a renormalization prescription of the loop-divergencies which recovers the power counting, is covariant and consistent with analyticity. Moreover, we have systematically incorporated the decuplet resonances taking care of both power-counting and consistencyconsistency problems. A model-independent understanding of diferent properties including the magnetic moments of the baryon-octet, the electromagnetic structure of the decuplet resonances and the hyperon vector coupling f1(0)f_1(0), has been successfully achieved within this approach. We will briefly review these developments and stress the important role they play for an accurate determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element VusV_{us} from hyperon semileptonic decay data.Comment: To appear in HypX Proceeding

    Strong 3D correlations in vortex system of Bi2212:Pb

    Full text link
    The experimental study of magnetic flux penetration under crossed magnetic fields in Bi2212:Pb single crystal performed by magnetooptic technique (MO) reveals remarkable field penetration pattern alteration (flux configuration change) and superconducting current anisotropy enhancement by the in-plane field. The anisotropy increases with the temperature rise up to Tm=54±2KT_m = 54 \pm 2 K. At T=TmT = T_m an abrupt change in the flux behavior is found; the correlation between the in-plane magnetic field and the out-of-plane magnetic flux penetration disappears. No correlation is observed for T>TmT > T_m. The transition temperature TmT_m does not depend on the magnetic field strength. The observed flux penetration anisotropy is considered as an evidence of a strong 3D - correlation between pancake vortices in different CuO planes at T<TmT < T_m. This enables understanding of a remarkable pinning observed in Bi2212:Pb at low temperatures.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure

    A novel determination of the local dark matter density

    Full text link
    We present a novel study on the problem of constructing mass models for the Milky Way, concentrating on features regarding the dark matter halo component. We have considered a variegated sample of dynamical observables for the Galaxy, including several results which have appeared recently, and studied a 7- or 8-dimensional parameter space - defining the Galaxy model - by implementing a Bayesian approach to the parameter estimation based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. The main result of this analysis is a novel determination of the local dark matter halo density which, assuming spherical symmetry and either an Einasto or an NFW density profile is found to be around 0.39 GeV cm3^{-3} with a 1-σ\sigma error bar of about 7%; more precisely we find a ρDM(R0)=0.385±0.027GeVcm3\rho_{DM}(R_0) = 0.385 \pm 0.027 \rm GeV cm^{-3} for the Einasto profile and ρDM(R0)=0.389±0.025GeVcm3\rho_{DM}(R_0) = 0.389 \pm 0.025 \rm GeV cm^{-3} for the NFW. This is in contrast to the standard assumption that ρDM(R0)\rho_{DM}(R_0) is about 0.3 GeV cm3^{-3} with an uncertainty of a factor of 2 to 3. A very precise determination of the local halo density is very important for interpreting direct dark matter detection experiments. Indeed the results we produced, together with the recent accurate determination of the local circular velocity, should be very useful to considerably narrow astrophysical uncertainties on direct dark matter detection.Comment: 31 pages,11 figures; minor changes in the text; two figures adde

    Learning difficulties : a portuguese perspective of a universal issue

    Get PDF
    In this article we present findings of a study that was conducted with the purpose of deepening the knowledge about the field of learning difficulties in Portugal. Therefore, within these findings we will discuss across several cultural boundaries, themes related with the existence of learning difficulties as a construct, the terminology, the political, social and scientific influences on the field, and the models of identification and of ongoing school support for students. While addressing the above-mentioned themes we will draw attention to the different, yet converging, international understandings of learning difficulties

    Molecular dynamics study of orientational order and rotational melting in clusters of TeF 6

    Full text link
    Molecular dynamics simulations of the behavior of molecules in crystalline clusters of TeF 6 were carried out on systems of 100, 150, 250, and 350 molecules. Several diagnostic functions were applied to investigate whether rotational melting occurred before translational melting. These functions included the coefficient of rotational diffusion D θ ( T ), the “orientational Lindemann index” δ θ ( T ), the “orientational angular distribution function” Q (θ, T ), and the “orientational pair-correlation function” g θ ( r, T ). All indicators implied that rotational melting occurred before translational melting, that it began with the outermost molecules, and that its onset for smaller clusters was at lower temperatures than for larger clusters. Results also showed that the rotational transition coincided with the transition from a lower symmetry phase (monoclinic) to cubic, a phenomenon that had been noted by others to occur with some regularity for systems of globular molecules.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43961/1/10053_2005_Article_BF01426586.pd

    Predictive powers of chiral perturbation theory in Compton scattering off protons

    Full text link
    We study low-energy nucleon Compton scattering in the framework of baryon chiral perturbation theory (Bχ\chiPT) with pion, nucleon, and Δ\Delta(1232) degrees of freedom, up to and including the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). We include the effects of order p2p^2, p3p^3 and p4/Δp^4/\varDelta, with Δ300\varDelta\approx 300 MeV the Δ\Delta-resonance excitation energy. These are all "predictive" powers in the sense that no unknown low-energy constants enter until at least one order higher (i.e, p4p^4). Estimating the theoretical uncertainty on the basis of natural size for p4p^4 effects, we find that uncertainty of such a NNLO result is comparable to the uncertainty of the present experimental data for low-energy Compton scattering. We find an excellent agreement with the experimental cross section data up to at least the pion-production threshold. Nevertheless, for the proton's magnetic polarizability we obtain a value of (4.0±0.7)×104(4.0\pm 0.7)\times 10^{-4} fm3^3, in significant disagreement with the current PDG value. Unlike the previous χ\chiPT studies of Compton scattering, we perform the calculations in a manifestly Lorentz-covariant fashion, refraining from the heavy-baryon (HB) expansion. The difference between the lowest order HBχ\chiPT and Bχ\chiPT results for polarizabilities is found to be appreciable. We discuss the chiral behavior of proton polarizabilities in both HBχ\chiPT and Bχ\chiPT with the hope to confront it with lattice QCD calculations in a near future. In studying some of the polarized observables, we identify the regime where their naive low-energy expansion begins to break down, thus addressing the forthcoming precision measurements at the HIGS facility.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, RevTeX4, revised version published in EPJ

    Experimental Study of the Shortest Reset Word of Random Automata

    Get PDF
    In this paper we describe an approach to finding the shortest reset word of a finite synchronizing automaton by using a SAT solver. We use this approach to perform an experimental study of the length of the shortest reset word of a finite synchronizing automaton. The largest automata we considered had 100 states. The results of the experiments allow us to formulate a hypothesis that the length of the shortest reset word of a random finite automaton with nn states and 2 input letters with high probability is sublinear with respect to nn and can be estimated as $1.95 n^{0.55}.

    Two-proton correlations from 158 AGeV Pb+Pb central collisions

    Get PDF
    The two-proton correlation function at midrapidity from Pb+Pb central collisions at 158 AGeV has been measured by the NA49 experiment. The results are compared to model predictions from static thermal Gaussian proton source distributions and transport models RQMD and VENUS. An effective proton source size is determined by minimizing CHI-square/ndf between the correlation functions of the data and those calculated for the Gaussian sources, yielding 3.85 +-0.15(stat.) +0.60-0.25(syst.) fm. Both the RQMD and the VENUS model are consistent with the data within the error in the correlation peak region.Comment: RevTeX style, 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. More discussion are added about the structure on the tail of the correlation function. The systematic error is revised. To appear in Phys. Lett.

    Event-by-event fluctuations of average transverse momentum in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon

    Get PDF
    We present first data on event-by-event fluctuations in the average transverse momentum of charged particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS. This measurement provides previously unavailable information allowing sensitive tests of microscopic and thermodynamic collision models and to search for fluctuations expected to occur in the vicinity of the predicted QCD phase transition. We find that the observed variance of the event-by-event average transverse momentum is consistent with independent particle production modified by the known two-particle correlations due to quantum statistics and final state interactions and folded with the resolution of the NA49 apparatus. For two specific models of non-statistical fluctuations in transverse momentum limits are derived in terms of fluctuation amplitude. We show that a significant part of the parameter space for a model of isospin fluctuations predicted as a consequence of chiral symmetry restoration in a non-equilibrium scenario is excluded by our measurement.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Lett.
    corecore