Biologija i suzbijanje žitne pijavice Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Small grains are an important part of agricultural production in Serbia and are sown on more than half a million hectares, and are second only to maize. The ceral leaf beetle Oulema melanopus L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most destructive pest of cereals. The percentages of fields treated against this pest can vary from 2% to 28% in Vojvodina. Plants from Poaceae family are the natural hosts of the Cereal leaf beetle, and in agricultural production the highest damages are recorded on wheat, oat and barley, while rye is less affected. Both adults and larvae are harmful, however, larval damage is considered to be more significant. Fourth instar larvae account for more than 70% of total damage done by this pest. Several control strategies against the Cereal leaf beetle can be applied, like the use of tolerant or resistant cultivars/varieties, biological control through the use of natural enemies, and agricultural measures which would negatively influence the survival of this species in the fields. Chemical control is still one of the most used supression methods for the cereal leaf beetle. Adopting chemical control measures is only recommended when the treshhold of 5-10 larvae per square meter is breached. Pyrethroid insecticides showed the highest efficacy and resistance occurence has not been documented.Strna žita zauzimaju značajne površine u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u Srbiji i sa oko pola miliona hektara nalaze se odmah iza kukuruza. Jedna od ekonomski značajnih štetočina strnih žita u Srbiji je žitna pijavica, Oulema melanopus L. Na području Vojvodine, površine na kojima se ova vrsta suzbija izuzetno variraju u zavisnosti od godine i kreću se od 2% do 28%. Žitna pijavica oštećuje vrste iz porodice trava, a od poljoprivredno značajnih kultura iz ove porodice najveću štetu pričinjava na ječmu, ovsu i pšenici, nešto manju na raži. Štetne su odrasle jedinke i larve, ali se larve smatraju značajnijim, posebno larve četvrtog uzrasta, za koje je procenjeno da nanose oko 70% od svih šteta koje ova vrsta nanosi. Postoji nekoliko strategija za smanjenje šteta od žitne pijavice kao što su: setva sorti koje su pokazale otpornost ili tolerantnost na napad štetočine, biološka kontrola korišćenjem prirodnih neprijatelja, kao i primena agrotehničkih mera koje mogu uticati na smanjenje brojnosti populacije. Upotreba insekticida predstavlja ipak najčešći način suzbijanja. Žitnu pijavicu treba suzbijati isključivo kada njena brojnost pređe prag štetnosti, odnosno kada brojnost larvi dostigne 5 do 10 jedinki po m2. Insekticidi iz grupe piretroida su pokazali visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju žitne pijavice, a rezistentnost na insekticide iz ove grupe nije dokumentovana

Uticaj insekticida na mortalitet i fiziološki stres gusenica kukuruznog plamenca (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) i pojavu sekundarnih gljivičnih infekcija na kukuruzu

The European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)  is one of the most destructive pests of corn in Serbia and in other parts of its areal. In order to control its populations in maize crops a number of methods can be used, however, chemical control is the most commonly used. Several insecticides are registered for this purpose, yet their efficacy depends on a variety of factors, e.g. climatic conditions, time and mode of application. In this work the efficacy of several Insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin and Indoxacarb) registered against the ECB was evaluated in a four year trial. In a second trial the timing of application of chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated during a two year period.  The possible effects of ECB larvae on the occurence and intensity of Fusarium Ear Rot in maize was also subject to evaluation in this paper. Finally, the effects of the aforementioned insecticides on the antioxidative defence system of ECB larvae was also part of this work. The results showed that the highest efficacy in reducing the number of ECB larvae and the damage they cause in maize stalks and ears were achieved in the chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments, while the least efficacy values were obtained in the Indoxacarb treatment, which could still be defined as satisfactory. The chemical tretments showed positive effects on yield in all the trial years. Treatments with chlorantraniliprole had the most significant positive effects on the yields in years 2013. and 2016. with a  35.3% and 21% yield increase compared to the control. In years with the lowest pest pressure, 2014 and 2015, the highest positive impact on yield was achieved with the  chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments (11.3% and 15.1%). Treatments using chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest positive impact on yield in all trial years.Regarding the timing of application, the highest positive impact on yields were achieved when trials were undertaken at the beginning of the flight periodof the second ECB generation (19 and 40.6%).  Treatments with chlorantraniliprole in trial years with the highest pest pressure considerably reduced the number of larvae and their damage to maize ears, and at the same time considerably reduced the incidence of Fusarium Ear Rot. However, this positive correlation was not confirmed in all trial years. It has been shown that the effects of insecticide treatments on the reduction of ear damage caused by insect feeding and Fusarium Ear Rot is evident in years with an increasedlarval frequency, even though FER can occur independently from ear damage in years with favourable climatic conditions for the development of the fungus. All three insecticide treatments affected the physiological  parameters of ECB larvae, inducing a responce to oxidative stress. The different insecticides had a different potential for oxidative stress induction, which depends on the application of the active substance.  All three insecticide treatments induced a higher activity of glutathione S-transferase compared to the control group, while different reaction towards  superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were observed depending on the applied treatment.  The results of the trials in this work showed that the second ECB generation can be managed with only one insecticide application, and that the efficacy of the treatment depends on the timing of the application. The highest results were obtained using chlorantraniliprole. The positive effects of insectide treatments on decreasing Fusarium Ear Rot incidence through the decrease of ear damage caused by ECB larvae was confirmed, however, this was not the case in all trial years. ECB larvae which survived the insecticide treatment showed clearly altered parameters of oxidative stress, however, a better understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic detoxification should be looked for in further trials.Kukuruzni plamenac (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih štetočina kukuruza, kako u Srbiji, tako i u Evropi i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca u usevu kukuruza mogu se koristiti različite metode, ali za sada najrasprostranjenije je hemijsko suzbijanje. U tu svrhu postoje registrovani preparati, ali njihova efikasnost ne zavisi samo od aktivne supstance, već i od klimatskih faktora, ali i vremena i načina primene. U radu je ispitivana efikasnost insekticida na bazi: hlorantraniliprola, hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina i indoksakarba, registrovanih za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca, kao i efikasnost različitih rokova primene hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina. Takođe, ispitivan je uticaj larvi kukuruznog plamenca i intenziteta napada ove vrste na pojavu i intenzitet zaraze gljiva iz roda Fusarium, kao i uticaj različitih aktivnih supstanci na komponente antioksidativnog sistema zaštite gusenica kukuruznog plamenca.  Nakon četiri godine ispitivanja efikasnosti insekticida i dve godine ispitivanja uticaja rokova hemijskog tretmana u suzbijanju kukuruznog plamenca, sprovedenih mikoloških i biohemijskih istraživanja, zaključeno je da su najveću efikasnost u suzbijanju gusenica i smanjenju oštećenja prouzrokovanih larvama kukuruznog plamenca, kako u stabljici kukuruza tako i u klipu, imali tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom. Tretman indoksakarbom je pokazao najmanju ali i dalje zadovoljavajuću efikasnost. Hemijski tretman imao je pozitivan efekat na prinos u svim godinama ispitivanja. Tretman hlorantraniliprolom je najviše uticao na prinos u 2013. i 2016. godini (35,3 % i 21 % viši u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu). U 2014. i 2015. godini, kada je brojnost gusenica kukuruznog plamenca bila značajno niža, najveći uticaj na prinos imao je tretman hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom (11,3 % i 15,1 %). Tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom najviše su uticali na prinos u svim ispitivanim godinama. Ogledom ispitivanja rokova hemijskog tretmana, u obe godine istraživanja, utvrđeno je da je najveći uticaj na prinos ostvaren pri tretmanu kukuruza u periodu početka leta kukuruznog plamenca (19 i 40,6%).  Ustanovljeno je da je u godini sa najvećom frekvencijom gusenica i oštećenja kukuruznog plamenca, tretman hlorantraniliprolom značajno uticao na smanjenje učestalosti oštećenih klipova i ujedno je u istom tretmanu zabeležena statistički značajno niža učestalost fuzarioznih klipova, ali pozitivna korelacija smanjenja oštećenosti klipova i fuzarioza nije potvrđena u svim oglednim godinama. Takođe je pokazano da je uticaj insekticida na smanjenje oštećenja klipa prouzrokovanih ishranom insekata i plesnivosti klipa evidentan u godinama sa visokom frekvencijom gusenica, iako se plesnivost klipa može javiti i nezavisno od oštećenja klipa u godinama sa povoljnim klimatskim uslovima za razvoj gljiva. Najzad, rezultati su pokazali da su sva tri tretmana insekticidom uticala na izmenu fizioloških pokazatelja larvi kukuruznog plamenca kao odgovor na oksidativni stres,  različit potencijal za indukciju oksidativnog stresa, kao i da reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije.  Reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije. Složeno delovanje korišćenih insekticida indukuje mehanizme antioksidativne odbrane i detoksifikacije u telu larvi i kod sva tri insekticida ogleda se u visokoj aktivnosti GST u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. S druge strane, uočena je razlika u odgovoru na delovanje insekticida kod enzima SOD, CAT i GR. Ovim istraživanjem je dokazano da se druga generacija kukuruznog plamenca može uspešno suzbijati u usevu merkantilnog kukuruza sa samo jednim tretmanom, da efikasnost tretmana zavisi i od vremena primene, kao i da je najefikasnija aktivna supstanca za tu svrhu hlorantraniliprol. Potvrđen je uticaj tretmana insekticidom na smanjenje plesnivosti klipa posrednim putem kroz smanjenje broja oštećenih klipova,  ali ne u svim godinama istraživanja. Larve koje su preživele hemijski tretman pokazale su izmenjene fiziološke pokazatelje oksidativnog stresa, ali za potpunije razumevanje mehanizama enzimske detoksifikacije potrebna su dalja istraživanja

Effects of insecticides on the mortality and physiological stress of European Corn Borer larvae (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) and the occurrence of secondary fungal infections in maize

IZ  Kukuruzni plamenac (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih štetočina kukuruza, kako u Srbiji, tako i u Evropi i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca u usevu kukuruza mogu se koristiti različite metode, ali za sada najrasprostranjenije je hemijsko suzbijanje. U tu svrhu postoje registrovani preparati, ali njihova efikasnost ne zavisi samo od aktivne supstance, već i od klimatskih faktora, ali i vremena i načina primene. U radu je ispitivana efikasnost insekticida na bazi: hlorantraniliprola, hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina i indoksakarba, registrovanih za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca, kao i efikasnost različitih rokova primene hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina. Takođe, ispitivan je uticaj larvi kukuruznog plamenca i intenziteta napada ove vrste na pojavu i intenzitet zaraze gljiva iz roda Fusarium, kao i uticaj različitih aktivnih supstanci na komponente antioksidativnog sistema zaštite gusenica kukuruznog plamenca.  Nakon četiri godine ispitivanja efikasnosti insekticida i dve godine ispitivanja uticaja rokova hemijskog tretmana u suzbijanju kukuruznog plamenca, sprovedenih mikoloških i biohemijskih istraživanja, zaključeno je da su najveću efikasnost u suzbijanju gusenica i smanjenju oštećenja prouzrokovanih larvama kukuruznog plamenca, kako u stabljici kukuruza tako i u klipu, imali tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom. Tretman indoksakarbom je pokazao najmanju ali i dalje zadovoljavajuću efikasnost. Hemijski tretman imao je pozitivan efekat na prinos u svim godinama ispitivanja. Tretman hlorantraniliprolom je najviše uticao na prinos u 2013. i 2016. godini (35,3 % i 21 % viši u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu). U 2014. i 2015. godini, kada je brojnost gusenica kukuruznog plamenca bila značajno niža, najveći uticaj na prinos imao je tretman hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom (11,3 % i 15,1 %). Tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom najviše su uticali na prinos u svim ispitivanim godinama. Ogledom ispitivanja rokova hemijskog tretmana, u obe godine istraživanja, utvrđeno je da je najveći uticaj na prinos ostvaren pri tretmanu kukuruza u periodu početka leta kukuruznog plamenca (19 i 40,6%).  Ustanovljeno je da je u godini sa najvećom frekvencijom gusenica i oštećenja kukuruznog plamenca, tretman hlorantraniliprolom značajno uticao na smanjenje učestalosti oštećenih klipova i ujedno je u istom tretmanu zabeležena statistički značajno niža učestalost fuzarioznih klipova, ali pozitivna korelacija smanjenja oštećenosti klipova i fuzarioza nije potvrđena u svim oglednim godinama. Takođe je pokazano da je uticaj insekticida na smanjenje oštećenja klipa prouzrokovanih ishranom insekata i plesnivosti klipa evidentan u godinama sa visokom frekvencijom gusenica, iako se plesnivost klipa može javiti i nezavisno od oštećenja klipa u godinama sa povoljnim klimatskim uslovima za razvoj gljiva. Najzad, rezultati su pokazali da su sva tri tretmana insekticidom uticala na izmenu fizioloških pokazatelja larvi kukuruznog plamenca kao odgovor na oksidativni stres,  različit potencijal za indukciju oksidativnog stresa, kao i da reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije.  Reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije. Složeno delovanje korišćenih insekticida indukuje mehanizme antioksidativne odbrane i detoksifikacije u telu larvi i kod sva tri insekticida ogleda se u visokoj aktivnosti GST u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. S druge strane, uočena je razlika u odgovoru na delovanje insekticida kod enzima SOD, CAT i GR. Ovim istraživanjem je dokazano da se druga generacija kukuruznog plamenca može uspešno suzbijati u usevu merkantilnog kukuruza sa samo jednim tretmanom, da efikasnost tretmana zavisi i od vremena primene, kao i da je najefikasnija aktivna supstanca za tu svrhu hlorantraniliprol. Potvrđen je uticaj tretmana insekticidom na smanjenje plesnivosti klipa posrednim putem kroz smanjenje broja oštećenih klipova,  ali ne u svim godinama istraživanja. Larve koje su preživele hemijski tretman pokazale su izmenjene fiziološke pokazatelje oksidativnog stresa, ali za potpunije razumevanje mehanizama enzimske detoksifikacije potrebna su dalja istraživanja.AB  The European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)  is one of the most destructive pests of corn in Serbia and in other parts of its areal. In order to control its populations in maize crops a number of methods can be used, however, chemical control is the most commonly used. Several insecticides are registered for this purpose, yet their efficacy depends on a variety of factors, e.g. climatic conditions, time and mode of application. In this work the efficacy of several Insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin and Indoxacarb) registered against the ECB was evaluated in a four year trial. In a second trial the timing of application of chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated during a two year period.  The possible effects of ECB larvae on the occurence and intensity of Fusarium Ear Rot in maize was also subject to evaluation in this paper. Finally, the effects of the aforementioned insecticides on the antioxidative defence system of ECB larvae was also part of this work. The results showed that the highest efficacy in reducing the number of ECB larvae and the damage they cause in maize stalks and ears were achieved in the chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments, while the least efficacy values were obtained in the Indoxacarb treatment, which could still be defined as satisfactory. The chemical tretments showed positive effects on yield in all the trial years. Treatments with chlorantraniliprole had the most significant positive effects on the yields in years 2013. and 2016. with a  35.3% and 21% yield increase compared to the control. In years with the lowest pest pressure, 2014 and 2015, the highest positive impact on yield was achieved with the  chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments (11.3% and 15.1%). Treatments using chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest positive impact on yield in all trial years.Regarding the timing of application, the highest positive impact on yields were achieved when trials were undertaken at the beginning of the flight periodof the second ECB generation (19 and 40.6%).  Treatments with chlorantraniliprole in trial years with the highest pest pressure considerably reduced the number of larvae and their damage to maize ears, and at the same time considerably reduced the incidence of Fusarium Ear Rot. However, this positive correlation was not confirmed in all trial years. It has been shown that the effects of insecticide treatments on the reduction of ear damage caused by insect feeding and Fusarium Ear Rot is evident in years with an increasedlarval frequency, even though FER can occur independently from ear damage in years with favourable climatic conditions for the development of the fungus. All three insecticide treatments affected the physiological  parameters of ECB larvae, inducing a responce to oxidative stress. The different insecticides had a different potential for oxidative stress induction, which depends on the application of the active substance.  All three insecticide treatments induced a higher activity of glutathione S-transferase compared to the control group, while different reaction towards  superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were observed depending on the applied treatment.  The results of the trials in this work showed that the second ECB generation can be managed with only one insecticide application, and that the efficacy of the treatment depends on the timing of the application. The highest results were obtained using chlorantraniliprole. The positive effects of insectide treatments on decreasing Fusarium Ear Rot incidence through the decrease of ear damage caused by ECB larvae was confirmed, however, this was not the case in all trial years. ECB larvae which survived the insecticide treatment showed clearly altered parameters of oxidative stress, however, a better understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic detoxification should be looked for in further trials

Effects of insecticides on the mortality and physiological stress of European Corn Borer larvae (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) and the occurrence of secondary fungal infections in maize

IZ  Kukuruzni plamenac (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih štetočina kukuruza, kako u Srbiji, tako i u Evropi i Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca u usevu kukuruza mogu se koristiti različite metode, ali za sada najrasprostranjenije je hemijsko suzbijanje. U tu svrhu postoje registrovani preparati, ali njihova efikasnost ne zavisi samo od aktivne supstance, već i od klimatskih faktora, ali i vremena i načina primene. U radu je ispitivana efikasnost insekticida na bazi: hlorantraniliprola, hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina i indoksakarba, registrovanih za suzbijanje kukuruznog plamenca, kao i efikasnost različitih rokova primene hlorantraniliprola + lambda-cihalotrina. Takođe, ispitivan je uticaj larvi kukuruznog plamenca i intenziteta napada ove vrste na pojavu i intenzitet zaraze gljiva iz roda Fusarium, kao i uticaj različitih aktivnih supstanci na komponente antioksidativnog sistema zaštite gusenica kukuruznog plamenca.  Nakon četiri godine ispitivanja efikasnosti insekticida i dve godine ispitivanja uticaja rokova hemijskog tretmana u suzbijanju kukuruznog plamenca, sprovedenih mikoloških i biohemijskih istraživanja, zaključeno je da su najveću efikasnost u suzbijanju gusenica i smanjenju oštećenja prouzrokovanih larvama kukuruznog plamenca, kako u stabljici kukuruza tako i u klipu, imali tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom. Tretman indoksakarbom je pokazao najmanju ali i dalje zadovoljavajuću efikasnost. Hemijski tretman imao je pozitivan efekat na prinos u svim godinama ispitivanja. Tretman hlorantraniliprolom je najviše uticao na prinos u 2013. i 2016. godini (35,3 % i 21 % viši u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu). U 2014. i 2015. godini, kada je brojnost gusenica kukuruznog plamenca bila značajno niža, najveći uticaj na prinos imao je tretman hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom (11,3 % i 15,1 %). Tretmani hlorantraniliprolom i hlorantraniliprolom + lambda-cihalotrinom najviše su uticali na prinos u svim ispitivanim godinama. Ogledom ispitivanja rokova hemijskog tretmana, u obe godine istraživanja, utvrđeno je da je najveći uticaj na prinos ostvaren pri tretmanu kukuruza u periodu početka leta kukuruznog plamenca (19 i 40,6%).  Ustanovljeno je da je u godini sa najvećom frekvencijom gusenica i oštećenja kukuruznog plamenca, tretman hlorantraniliprolom značajno uticao na smanjenje učestalosti oštećenih klipova i ujedno je u istom tretmanu zabeležena statistički značajno niža učestalost fuzarioznih klipova, ali pozitivna korelacija smanjenja oštećenosti klipova i fuzarioza nije potvrđena u svim oglednim godinama. Takođe je pokazano da je uticaj insekticida na smanjenje oštećenja klipa prouzrokovanih ishranom insekata i plesnivosti klipa evidentan u godinama sa visokom frekvencijom gusenica, iako se plesnivost klipa može javiti i nezavisno od oštećenja klipa u godinama sa povoljnim klimatskim uslovima za razvoj gljiva. Najzad, rezultati su pokazali da su sva tri tretmana insekticidom uticala na izmenu fizioloških pokazatelja larvi kukuruznog plamenca kao odgovor na oksidativni stres,  različit potencijal za indukciju oksidativnog stresa, kao i da reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije.  Reakcija larvi kukuruznog plamenca na delovanje insekticida zavisi od tipa aktivne materije. Složeno delovanje korišćenih insekticida indukuje mehanizme antioksidativne odbrane i detoksifikacije u telu larvi i kod sva tri insekticida ogleda se u visokoj aktivnosti GST u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. S druge strane, uočena je razlika u odgovoru na delovanje insekticida kod enzima SOD, CAT i GR. Ovim istraživanjem je dokazano da se druga generacija kukuruznog plamenca može uspešno suzbijati u usevu merkantilnog kukuruza sa samo jednim tretmanom, da efikasnost tretmana zavisi i od vremena primene, kao i da je najefikasnija aktivna supstanca za tu svrhu hlorantraniliprol. Potvrđen je uticaj tretmana insekticidom na smanjenje plesnivosti klipa posrednim putem kroz smanjenje broja oštećenih klipova,  ali ne u svim godinama istraživanja. Larve koje su preživele hemijski tretman pokazale su izmenjene fiziološke pokazatelje oksidativnog stresa, ali za potpunije razumevanje mehanizama enzimske detoksifikacije potrebna su dalja istraživanja.AB  The European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.)  is one of the most destructive pests of corn in Serbia and in other parts of its areal. In order to control its populations in maize crops a number of methods can be used, however, chemical control is the most commonly used. Several insecticides are registered for this purpose, yet their efficacy depends on a variety of factors, e.g. climatic conditions, time and mode of application. In this work the efficacy of several Insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin and Indoxacarb) registered against the ECB was evaluated in a four year trial. In a second trial the timing of application of chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated during a two year period.  The possible effects of ECB larvae on the occurence and intensity of Fusarium Ear Rot in maize was also subject to evaluation in this paper. Finally, the effects of the aforementioned insecticides on the antioxidative defence system of ECB larvae was also part of this work. The results showed that the highest efficacy in reducing the number of ECB larvae and the damage they cause in maize stalks and ears were achieved in the chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments, while the least efficacy values were obtained in the Indoxacarb treatment, which could still be defined as satisfactory. The chemical tretments showed positive effects on yield in all the trial years. Treatments with chlorantraniliprole had the most significant positive effects on the yields in years 2013. and 2016. with a  35.3% and 21% yield increase compared to the control. In years with the lowest pest pressure, 2014 and 2015, the highest positive impact on yield was achieved with the  chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin treatments (11.3% and 15.1%). Treatments using chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest positive impact on yield in all trial years.Regarding the timing of application, the highest positive impact on yields were achieved when trials were undertaken at the beginning of the flight periodof the second ECB generation (19 and 40.6%).  Treatments with chlorantraniliprole in trial years with the highest pest pressure considerably reduced the number of larvae and their damage to maize ears, and at the same time considerably reduced the incidence of Fusarium Ear Rot. However, this positive correlation was not confirmed in all trial years. It has been shown that the effects of insecticide treatments on the reduction of ear damage caused by insect feeding and Fusarium Ear Rot is evident in years with an increasedlarval frequency, even though FER can occur independently from ear damage in years with favourable climatic conditions for the development of the fungus. All three insecticide treatments affected the physiological  parameters of ECB larvae, inducing a responce to oxidative stress. The different insecticides had a different potential for oxidative stress induction, which depends on the application of the active substance.  All three insecticide treatments induced a higher activity of glutathione S-transferase compared to the control group, while different reaction towards  superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were observed depending on the applied treatment.  The results of the trials in this work showed that the second ECB generation can be managed with only one insecticide application, and that the efficacy of the treatment depends on the timing of the application. The highest results were obtained using chlorantraniliprole. The positive effects of insectide treatments on decreasing Fusarium Ear Rot incidence through the decrease of ear damage caused by ECB larvae was confirmed, however, this was not the case in all trial years. ECB larvae which survived the insecticide treatment showed clearly altered parameters of oxidative stress, however, a better understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic detoxification should be looked for in further trials

FIRST STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA) OF MT. MUČANJ

Mučanj is a mountain located in western Serbia, surrounded by three rivers: the Grabovica, Presečka reka and Veliki Rzav. The nearest mountains are Javor and Golija and the closest town is Ivanjica. In entomological terms it is virtually unexplored. The authors visited it on several occasions from 2008 to 2011 and provide here a first overview of its butterfly fauna. During this period a total number of 111 species was recorded – Hesperiidae 14, Papilionidae 3, Pieridae 12, Riodinidae 1, Lycaenidae 30, Nymphalidae 51. This number will certainly increase with future studies, but even now proves this mountain has exceptional butterfly diversity. Among the species discovered, Colias caucasica Staudinger, 1871 requires special attention, for it was previously known in Serbia only from Mt. Kopaonik. Important populations of some rare butterflies were found, like Coenonympha orientalis Rebel 1910 and Polyommatus eros (Ochsenheimer 1808)

The lifecycle and ecology of the Spinose Skipper – Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) in the Republic of North Macedonia (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)

The Spinose Skipper, Favria cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) [formerly in Muschampia] is considered to be a very localised species in Eastern Europe occurring in only a small number of isolated colonies. Its ecology, especially relating to its host plant, has long remained unknown. Only in the last decade of research has more light been shed on the distribution and habitat requirements of this species in its western range. The host plant of the Spinose Skipper in the Republic of North Macedonia is revealed for the first time. Three eggs and three larvae were discovered in 2017 on a species of Potentilla, tentatively identified as P. detommasii, from a site near Govrlevo, SW of Skopje. The choice of a cinquefoil as a hostplant provides new evidence to support the species recent separation from the genus Muschampia

DISTRIBUTION AND THREATS OF PHENGARIS TELEIUS (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) IN NORTHERN SERBIA

The paper provides an overview on the distribution of recently discovered Scarce Large Blue (Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius) in northern Serbia (Selevenj Sands, Ludaš Lake and Subotica Sands). Mapping of the butterfly and its habitat has shown that most of the suitable habitats are limited to protected areas where at least some of the wet meadows with Sanguisorba officinalis host plant are suitably managed and regularly mown. Given the known maximum dispersal distances of P. teleius, the suitable habitat patches possibly support two separate meta-populations. Fragmentation and isolation of remaining colonies represent the main threats to long term survival of the species in Serbia. Based on IUCN criteria for regional red lists, the species qualifies as Endangered (EN) in Serbia and requires immediate conservation actions. Our results suggest that mowing is of high importance for maintaining suitable habitat. Until more is known about local ecological requirements of the species, general mowing recommendations should be followed with avoidance of mowing between mid June and mid September and providing a mosaic of different mowing regimes

Butterfly surveys in Albania during 2014 including the discovery of two new species for the country

During field surveys conducted in Albania in 2014, we encountered 90 species of butterflies. Anthocharis damone Boisduval, 1836 is a new species for the fauna of Albania while Apatura metis Freyer, 1829 is confirmed for the country. With these discoveries the number of butterfly species known to occur in Albania has risen to 200 and our surveys added many new sites for species considered rare and local in Albania. In addition, the life cycles of Lycaena ottomana (Lefèbvre, 1830) and Apatura metis from Albania are documented and discussed

Click beetles monitoring using pheromone traps in Serbia

Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and can be of great economic importance in agriculture, especially for production of row crops such as sunflower. They feed on underground plant parts causing a reduced crop stand. Young plants, up to three pairs of leaves, are at higher risk. Larvae can live from two to five years in the soil depending on the species. Although only larvae are treated as pests, monitoring and control of adults, click beetles, can contribute to reduction of damages caused by larvae in the following years. The objective of this research was to monitor the activity of click beetles and determine the most abundant species in the region of Novi Sad (Serbia). For this purpose Csalomon pheromone traps, type YF, were used with five different pheromones for collecting: Agriotes ustulatus, A. sputator, combined pheromones for A. rufipalpis + A. sordidus and A. lineatus + A. obscurus (males) and A. ustulatus (males + females, pheromone + floral bait). For every pheromone two traps were deployed on sunflower fields at Rimski šančevi, in the vicinity of Novi Sad, during 2018 and 2019

Uticaj različitih testera na genetičke korelacije u populaciji kukuruza uske genetičke osnove NSA15

The goal of this study was to determine correlations between grain yield and other morphological and agronomical traits in two groups of maize half-sib (HS) progenies. Progenies were obtained by crossing every S1 family with two unrelated inbred lines as testers, NS732 and NS27. Field trials with incomplete block design, with replicates within set were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at four locations. The following traits were observed: grain yield, ear length, kernel row number, kernel number per row, 1000-kernel weight, plant height, ear height, number of leaves above ear and grain moisture. Significant moderate strong negative correlation between grain yield and ear length was determined in HS1 progeny. High significant correlations occurred among plant and ear height in both HS and between plant height and number of leaves. Observed differences in levels of correlation imply significant influence of tester in each group on HS progeny.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo određivanje korelacija između prinosa zrna i drugih morfoloških i agronomskih osobina dve polusrodničke grupe potomstava (HS) kukuruza. Nasumično odabrane biljke iz svake S1 familije su ukrštene sa testerima NS732 i NS27. Dve polusrodničke grupe potomstava su formirane tako da je svaka S1 familija ukrštena sa oba testera. Poljski ogledi sa nepotpunim blok dizajnom sa tri ponavljanja po setu su posejana 2008. i 2009. na četiri lokaliteta. Praćene su sledeće osobine: prinos zrna, dužina klipa, broj redova zrna, broj zrna po redu, masa 1000 zrna, visina biljke, visina klipa, broj listova iznad klipa i vlaga zrna. Kod HS1 potomstva je uočena srednje jaka negativna korelacija između prinosa zrna i dužine klipa. Takođe, visina biljke i visina klipa su bile u jakoj vezi kod oba HS potomstva. Dobijene razlike u stepenu korelacije ukazuju na značajan uticaj testera u svakoj grupi HS potomstava