A interculturalidade em Educação Patrimonial: desafios e contributos para o ensino de História

RESUMO No ensino de História, aspectos curriculares interdisciplinares relacionados com o uso do património cultural ou a problematização em torno do desenvolvimento de atitudes de tolerância, de respeito pela diferença e cooperação entre povos, necessitam de uma reflexão fundamentada e sistemática sobre concepções de alunos e professores em áreas centrais para a Educação Histórica, como a da interculturalidade. Com o objetivo de aprofundar, numa abordagem essencialmente qualitativa, a compreensão dos sentidos atribuídos por alunos e professores a fontes patrimoniais, em articulação com conceitos ligados à consciência histórica, nomeadamente os de identidade e de património, analisaram-se as concepções de alunos de 7.º ano e de 10.º ano de várias escolas do norte de Portugal, acerca da forma como interpretam fontes patrimoniais e, ainda, como os seus professores entendem o uso de fontes patrimoniais no ensino e aprendizagem de História, dada a sua relação com a interpretação como processo de construção de significado acerca do passado. Neste estudo registaram-se diferentes perfis de identidade consoante o padrão de pensamento, desde uma identidade local/nacional fundada nas origens, i.e. exclusiva, até uma identidade mais inclusiva e europeia/global. Os resultados do estudo permitem abrir possibilidades de novas formas de abordagem educativa relacionadas com a utilização do património como evidência histórica, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da consciência histórica e patrimonial

Learning in archaeological sites with mobile devices = Aprendizaje con dispositivos móviles en yacimientos arqueológicos

La relevancia social del mobile learning es cada vez más evidente. Estos mecanismos, a través de TICs y dispositivos móviles, se aplican ya en programas educativos en yacimientos arqueológicos y museos, pero la pregunta es si estos programas son efectivos para el aprendizaje. Para investigar esta cuestión, hemos evaluado la implementación de un programa educativo con contenidos histórico- patrimoniales ofertado para estudiantes de secundaria. Noventa estudiantes participaron en este estudio respondiendo un cuestionario que abordaba cuestiones relacionadas con la asimilación de contenidos conceptuales, la atención y la eficacia del programa, así como aspectos relacionados con la satisfacción, utilidad percibida y dificultad de uso de la tecnología móvil. Los resultados son satisfactorios respecto a la asimilación de contenidos, y se aprecian mejores resultados con la combinación de metodologías receptivas y el uso de tecnología móvil. La satisfacción y la percepción de la utilidad confirman los buenos resultados de anteriores trabajos

Broad spectrum analysis of polar and apolar organic compounds in submicron atmospheric particles

A method for the quantitative analysis of organic compounds on submicron particulate matter (PM1) collected on quartz filters was developed. The compounds analyzed encompassed C22-C35 alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), quinones, levoglucosan, cis-pinonic acid and short chain dicarboxylic acids such as malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, suberic, azelaic, malic and phthalic acids. The method included extraction with a pressure liquid extraction system, sample filtration though glass fibre filter, fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The study of the extraction efficiency of different solvent mixtures showed that DCM:MeOH 1:1 was the one providing the highest recoveries for all compounds. Extraction temperatures of 100°C provided better results than 60°C or 80°C. This method provided comparable extraction efficiency and qualitative and quantitative data to those involving Soxhlet extraction. Method recoveries for alkanes, most PAH, quinones and polar compounds calculated from spiked real samples were 52-72%, 78-101%, 50-62% and 76-104%, respectively, reproducibilities were 2-28%, 7-29%, 10-27% and 5-28%, respectively, limits of quantification were 0.01-0.1ng/m3, 0.01-0.27ng/m3, 0.04ng/m3 and 0.32-2.8ng/m3, respectively, which affords the quantification of a broad number of primary and secondary organic constituents of submicron aerosols. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.We thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the fellowships Aertrans (CTQ2009-14777-C02-01) and Expo-Cov (CTM2012-39298).Peer reviewe

Organic molecular tracers in atmospheric PM1 at urban intensive traffic and background sites in two high-insolation European cities

Atmospheric PM has an impact on health and the environment, and is highly variable. PM filter samples were collected in urban roof and street sites in two Mediterranean cities in Europe (Barcelona and Madrid) to study the spatial and temporal trends of primary and secondary organic tracer compounds. Both cities are exposed to modern urban emission sources with intensive traffic in their centers. Moreover, their geographical situation in the Mediterranean region favors photo-chemical reactions and accumulation of secondary aerosols, due to sunny anti-cyclonic weather conditions. Barcelona is located along the coast with high relative humidity and an active sea-mountain breeze system, while the relative humidity in Madrid is low in summer, due to its location in the center of the Iberian Peninsula. These differences may influence the accumulation of primary air pollutants and the formation of secondary aerosols. In street site samples, the levels of primary organics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes and nicotine, were about two times higher than those collected simultaneously at roof sites. Primary emitted levoglucosan and isomers from biomass burning were observed in higher concentrations in winter in both urban areas, but without significant difference between the road and roof sites samples, indicating regional transport of biomass smoke to the cities. Similar roof and street site sample concentrations were also observed for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) compounds, i.e. dicarboxylic acids and oxidation products of isoprene and α-pinene. The SOA compound concentrations were ten times higher in summer compared to winter samples, emphasizing the importance of SOA formation processes in summer. More evidence was obtained that linked the presence of cis-pinonic acid in the filter samples to new particle formation during nucleation. The urban organic PM is dominated by SOA, while the primary organic aerosol (POA) tracer compounds from combustion sources, including traffic and biomass burning, dominates in winter.This work was supported by the scientific research project AERTRANS (CTQ2009-14777-C02-01) and Expo-COV (CTM2012- 39298).Peer Reviewe

Seasonal and spatial variation of organic tracers for biomass burning in PM1 aerosols in highly insolated urban areas of humid and dry atmospheres.

PM1 aerosol characterization on organic tracers for biomass burning (levoglucosan and its isomers and dehydroabietic acid) was conducted within the AERTRANS project. PM1 filters (N=90) were sampled from 2010 to 2012 in busy streets in the urban centre of Madrid and Barcelona (Spain) at ground-level and at roof sites. In both urban areas, biomass burning was not expected to be an important local emission source, but regional emissions from wildfires, residential heating or biomass removal may influence the air quality in the cities. Although both areas are under influence of high solar radiation, Madrid is situated in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, while Barcelona is located at the Mediterranean Coast and under influence of marine atmospheres. Two extraction methods were applied, i.e. Soxhlet and ASE, which showed equivalent results after GC-MS analyses. The ambient air concentrations of the organic tracers for biomass burning increased by an order of magnitude at both sites during winter compared to summer. An exception was observed during a PM event in summer 2012, when the atmosphere in Barcelona was directly affected by regional wildfire smoke and levels were four times higher as those observed in winter. Overall, there was little variation between the street and roof sites in both cities, suggesting that regional biomass burning sources influence the urban areas after atmospheric transport. Despite the different atmospheric characteristics in terms of air relative humidity, Madrid and Barcelona exhibit very similar composition and concentrations of biomass burning organic tracers. Nevertheless, levoglucosan and its isomers seem to be more suitable for source apportionment purposes than dehydroabietic acid. In both urban areas, biomass burning contributions to PM were generally low (2 %) in summer, except on the day when wildfire smoke arrive to the urban area. In the colder periods the contribution increase to around 30 %, indicating that regional biomass burning has a substantial influence on the urban air quality.Peer Reviewe

Dealing with heritage as curricular content in Spain’s Primary Education

Producción CientíficaWithin the educational system, heritage-related curriculum design and contents constitute a key factor in the sustainable preservation of heritage since only what is known and valued can be protected and preserved. Whether heritage education involves the inclusion of new materials in the curriculum, or the use of innovative approaches in handling heritage-related contents that are already present in the several curricular areas in order to facilitate their teaching and promote heritage awareness, the fact remains that the curriculum itself becomes an important player. Our research aims at analysing the way heritage is approached in the 17 Decrees regulating the Primary Education curriculum in the Spanish territory. The results show that the methodological criterion used in the teaching-learning of heritage is the sensitisation sequence: Knowing, Understanding, Respecting, Valuing, Sensitising, Taking Care, Transmitting, Heritagising and Identising. On the other hand, there are major differences across Spain’s regions regarding heritage awareness and curricular coverage: an issue that should be borne in mind in curriculum revision processes and in the design of academic programmes targeted at future teachers in order to secure the quality of heritage education.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad - (Proyectos EDU2012-37212 y EDU2015-65716-C2-2-R