Water relations and photosynthesis as criteria for adequate irrigation management in 'Tahiti' lime trees

Irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture status is one of the most useful methods because of its practicality and low cost. The effects of available soil water depletion on evapotranspiration (ETc), transpiration (E), leaf water potential at predawn (psiP) and midday (psiM), stomatal conductance (gs) and net CO2 assimilation (A) in lime 'Tahiti' trees (Citrus latifolia) were evaluated to improve irrigation schedule and minimize water use without causing water stress. The trees were spaced 7 <FONT FACE=Symbol>&acute;</FONT> 4 m and drip-irrigated by four drippers with the available soil water content (AWC) depleted by suspension of irrigation (40 days). Leaf water potential was measured on a pressure chamber (psiP and psiM) and leaf gas exchange was measured by infrared gas analyzer (E, gs and A). Evapotranspiration was determined with the aid of weighing lysimeter. Water soil content and potential (psiS) were monitored with TDR probes and tensiometers, respectively, installed at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m depths. Meteorological variables were monitored with an automatic weather station in the experimental area. The threshold AWC level for the onset of ETc decline was 43%, and 60% for gs, A, E and Y P. Also, psiP was more sensitive to AWC than psiM, and is therefore a better tool for irrigation. When AWC was around 60%, values of psiP and psis were -0.62 MPa and -48.8 kPa, respectively

Variation In Volatiles Of Ocimum Campechianum Mill, And Ocimum Gratissimum L. Cultivated In The North Of Brazil

The essential oils of seven samples of Ocimum campechianum and five samples of O. gratissimum cultivated in the state of Para were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The most abundant components identified in the leaf oils from O. campechianum were: eugenol (32.2% - 60.6%), methyleugenol (60.6% - 69.5%), 1,8-cineole (0.9% -19.7%), and elemicin (0.2% - 65.9%). The most abundant components identified in the oils from O. gratissimum were: thymol (13.1%- 36.2%), y-terpinene (0.2% -28.1 %), 1,8-cineole (0.0 - 25.2%), and p-cymene (4.4% - 19.9%). The results reveals the occurrence al least four types of O. campechianum in the State of Para, and at least two types of 0. gratissimum. The O. gratissimum studied here belongs to variety macrophyllum.103229240Paton, A Synopsis of Ocimum L. Africa (1992) Kew Bulletin, 47, pp. 403-435Viña, A., Murillo, E., Essential oil of twelve varieties of basil (Ocimum spp.) grown in Colombia (2003) J. Braz. Chem Soc, 14, pp. 744-749Corrêa, M.P., (1984) Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil e das Exóticas Cultivadas, , Rio de Janeiro, IBDFRodrigues, R.M., (1989) A Flora da Amazonia, , Belém, CEJUP, 462pMoreira, F., As plantas que curam (1978) São Paulo, Hemus Livraria, p. 260. , Editera, pPino, J.A., Rosado, A., Fuentes, V., Composition of the essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Ocimum gratissimum L. grown in Cuba (1996) J. Essent. Oil Res, 8, p. 139Pino, J.A., Garcia, J., Martinez, M.A., A comparison between the oil, solvent extracted and supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Ocimum gratissimum L (1998) J. Essent. Oil Res, 10, pp. 575-577Vieira, R.F., Simon, J.E., Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp.) found in the markets and used in traditional medicine in Brazil (2000) Economic Botany, 54, p. 207Demissew, S., A description of some essential oil bearing plants in Ethiopia and their indigenous uses (1993) J. Essent. Oil Res, 5, pp. 465-479Simon, J.E., Morales, M.R., Phippen, W.B., Vieira, R.F., Hao, Z. (1999). Basil: a source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb. pp. 499-505, In: Janick, J. (ed.), perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, V. ASilva, M.G.V., Matos, F.J.A., Lopes, P.R.O., Silva, F.O., Holanda, M.T., Composition of essential oils from three Ocimum species obtained by steam and microwave distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction (2004) ARKIVOC, 6, p. 66Lemos, J.A., Passes, X.S., Fernandes, O.F., Paula, J.R., Ferri, P.H., Souza, L.K.H., Lemos, A.A., Silva, M.R.R., Antifungal activity from Ocimum gratissimum L. towards Cryptococcus neofromans (2005) Mem. Inst. Oswalde Cruz, 100, p. 55Dubey, N.K., Tiwari, T.N., Mandin, D., Andriamboavonjy, H., Chaumont, J.P., Antifungal properties of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (ethyl cinnamate chemotype) (2000) Fitoterapia, 71, p. 567Vostrowsky, O, Garbe, W., Bestmann, H.-J. (1990). Essential Oil of Alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from Brazilian Amazon. Z. Naturforsch., 45c, 1073Charles, D.J., Simon, J.E., Wood, K.V., Essential oil constituents of Ocimum micranthum Willd (1990) J. Agr. Food Chem, 38, pp. 120-122Vieira, R.F., Grayer, R.J., Paton, A., Simon, J.E., Genetic diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. based on volatile oil constituents, flavonoids and RAPD markers (2001) Biochem. System. Ecol, 29, p. 287Nakamura, C.V., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Bando, E., Melo, A.F.N., Cortez, D.A.G., Dias Filho, B.P., Antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil (1999) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, p. 675Orafidiya, L.O., Agbani, E.O., Iwalewa, E.O., Adelusola, K.A., Oyedapo, O.O., Studies on the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf (2004) Phytomedicine, 11, p. 71Maia, J.G, Ramos, L.S., Luz, A.I.R., Silva, M.L., Zoghbi, M.G.B. (1988). Uncommon Brazilian essential oils of the Labiatae and Compositae. In: Lawrence, B.M.Mookherjee, B.D.Willis, B.J. (eds.). Flavors and fragrances: a world perspective. Amsterdam, Elsevier (Science Publication, B. 5), p. 177Silva, M.G., Craveiro, A.A., Machado, M.I.L., Alencar, J.W., Matos, F.J.A., Aurélio, F.K.F., Essential oils from leaves and inflorescences of Ocimum micranthum Willd. From Northeastern Brazil (1998) J. Essent. Oil Res, 10, pp. 77-78Adams, R.P., (2001) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry, , Allured Publ Corp, Carol Stream, ILYayi, E., Moudachirou, M., Chalchat, J.-C., Essential Oil of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin (1999) J. Essent. Oil Res, 11, p. 529Suddee, S., Paton, A.J., Parnell, A.N. (2005). Taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumont. (Lamiaceae) in continental South East Asia. III. Ociminae. Kew Bulletin, 60:3Grayer, R.J., Kite, G.C., Goldstone, F.J., Bryan, S.E., Paton, A., Putievsky, E., Infraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum (1996) Phytochem, 43, p. 103

Efeito residual do lodo de esgoto na produtividade do milho safrinha Residual effect of sewage sludge on off-season corn yield

Das opções de disposição final do lodo de esgoto, a reciclagem agrícola tem sido uma das mais utilizadas em diversos países desenvolvidos, sendo considerada a forma mais adequada em termos técnicos, econômicos e ambientais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito residual do lodo de esgoto na produtividade do milho safrinha, após dois anos de aplicação consecutiva desse resíduo em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. O experimento foi realizado em campo, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, e os tratamentos foram os seguintes: testemunha e adubações com lodo de esgoto nas doses de 6, 12, 24 e 36 t ha-1 (peso de matéria seca). Houve efeito residual do uso do lodo de esgoto caleado na produtividade de milho safrinha; a dose de 36 t ha-1 foi estatisticamente superior às doses de 6 e 12 t ha-1.<br>Among the possibilities of final disposal of sewage sludge, agricultural recycling has become one of the most widely used in several developed countries, and is considered the most appropriate in technical, economical and environmental terms. This study aimed at evaluating the sewage sludge residual effect on off-season corn yield on an Eutroferric Red Latossol (Oxisol). The field experiment was in a randomized block design with three replications, with treatments consisting of increasing doses of sewage sludge (0, 6, 12, 24 and 36 t ha-1, on a dry weight basis), applied in the two previous cropping seasons.. The residual effect of the application of lime-stabilized sewage sludge increased the yield of off-season corn; the grain yield under a rate of 36 t ha-1 was statistically higher than those under 6 and 12 t ha-1

Caracterização do pasto de capim-buffel diferido e da dieta de bovinos, durante o período seco no sertão de Pernambuco Stockpiled buffelgrass pasture and diet selected characterization during the dry season at the semi arid region of Pernambuco state

Objetivou-se, neste experimento, quantificar a disponibilidade de massa seca e avaliar a composição botânica e bromatológica de pastagem de capim-buffel diferida e da dieta de bovinos, durante o período seco. Foram realizadas estimativas visuais para determinação da composição botânica e do corte de amostras, para determinação da disponibilidade da forragem, sendo os dados processados pelo programa BOTANAL. Três animais fistulados no esôfago foram utilizados para avaliar a qualidade e composição botânica da dieta selecionada. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, empregando-se o procedimento estatístico SAS. Na pastagem foram encontradas 10 famílias, 19 gêneros e 19 espécies de plantas; os componentes que apresentaram maior disponibilidade e participação foram o buffel e a orelha-de-onça, variando de 1.392 a 2.750; e 1.167 a 1.215 kg de massa seca (MS)/ha, com participação de 50 e 30% na composição da pastagem, respectivamente. A composição bromatológica da pastagem variou de 63,0 a 81,6; 3,3 a 5,2; 0,9 a 1,4; 69,3 a 76,0; 53,0 a 57,4; 5,2 a 8,9; 86,0 a 88,6; e 10,8 a 16,4% para massa seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibras em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), material mineral (MM), carboidratos totais (CHOT) e não-fibrosos (CNF), respectivamente. A composição da extrusa variou de 18,5 a 22,3; 4,5 a 5,6; 1,3 a 1,9; 52,0 a 75,0; 52,3 a 59,8; 9,4 a 11,4; 81,8 a 84,4; 6,8 a 20,6; 45,7 a 49,1 para MS, PB,EE, FDN, FDA, MM, CHOT, CNF e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), respectivamente.<br>The experiment aimed to determine the herbage mass and to evaluate the botanical and chemical composition of a stockpiled Buffelgrass pasture during the dry season. Visual estimates were accomplished for determination of the botanical composition. Samples were cut for forage availability determination. The data were processed by the BOTANAL program. Three esophagus fistulated animals were used to evaluate the quality and botanical composition of the selected diet. On the pasture a total of 10 families, 19 genus and 19 species of plants were observed. The botanical components that showed the highest herbage mass and participation were Buffel grass and "Orelha-de-onça" (Macroptilium martii Benth.), ranging from 1392 to 2750 kg DM/ha and 50% and, 1167 to 1215 kg DM/ha and 30%, respectively. The forage chemical composition ranged from 63.0 to 81.6 %, 3.3 to 5.2 %, 0.9 to 1.4 %, 69.3 to 76.0 %, 53.0 to 57.4 %, 5.2 to 8.9 %, 86.0 to 88.6 % and, 10.8 to 16.4 % for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ashes (ASH), total carbohydrates (TCH) and, no fiber carbohydrates (NFC), respectively. Extrusa chemical composition showed values ranging from 18.5 to 22.3 %, 4.5 to 5.6 %, 1.3 to 1.9 %, 52.0 to 75.0 %, 52.3 to 59.8 %, 9.4 to 11.4 %, 81.8 to 84.4 %, 6.8 to 20.6 % and, 45.7 to 49.1 % for DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, ASH, TCH, NFC and, "in vitro" dry matter digestibility, respectively