Arterial Pressure, Cardiac Output and Systemic Resistance before and after Pithing in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

After complete cardiovascular denervation mean arterial pressure (MAP) falls to almost equally low levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control rats (NCR). This has earlier been suggested to indicate a dominance of neurogenic mechanisms in established SHR hypertension.–In the present study, total peripheral resistance (TPR) remains, however, some 35 per cent higher in adult SHR than in NCR after pithing while cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume, is 35 per cent lower in SHR. These opposite differences in TPR and CO after denervation, resulting in equal MAP levels in SHR and NCR, seem rather to be a consequence of the rapidly established structural adaptation that affects all SHR high-pressure cardiovascular sections. Thus, the SHR precapillary resistance vessels display thick- ened walls and luminal narrowing, which keeps TPR higher than in NCR even during maximal vaso- dilatation. Due to hypertrophy, the SHR left ventricle exhibits a reduced myocardial stretch for a given filling pressure and stroke volume is consequently reduced more than in NCR after complete denervation.–Paradoxically, therefore, rather than reflecting any dominance of neurogenic mechanisms in established SHR hypertension the MAP equalization in SHR and NCR after cardiovascular denervation emphasizes the hemodynamic importance of cardiovascular structural changes present in hypertension.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66147/1/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05897.x.pd

Dynamic equations for fluid-loaded porous plates using approximate boundary conditions

Systematically derived equations for fluid-loaded thin poroelastic layers are presented for time-harmonic conditions. The layer is modeled according to Biot theory for both open and closed pores. Series expansion techniques in the thickness variable are used, resulting in separate symmetric and antisymmetric plate equations. These equations, which are believed to be asymptotically correct, are expressed in terms of approximate boundary conditions and can be truncated to arbitrary order. Analytical and numerical results are presented and compared to the exact three dimensional theory and a flexural plate theory. Numerical comparisons are made for two material configurations and two thicknesses. The results show that the presented theory predicts the plate behavior accurately

A hierarchy of dynamic equations for micropolar plates

AbstractThis work considers homogeneous isotropic micropolar plates adopting a power series expansion method in the thickness coordinate. Variationally consistent equations of motion and end boundary conditions are derived in a systematic fashion up to arbitrary order for extensional and flexural displacement cases. The plate equations are asymptotically correct to all studied orders. Numerical results are presented for various orders of the present method, other approximate theories as well as the exact three dimensional theory. The results illustrate that the present approach may render benchmark solutions provided higher order truncations are used, and act as engineering plate equations using low order truncation

Dynamic equations for a fully anisotropic piezoelectric rectangular plate

A hierarchy of dynamic plate equations based on the three dimensional piezoelectric theory is derived for a fully anisotropic piezoelectric rectangular plate. Using power series expansions results in sets of equations that may be truncated to arbitrary order, where each order set is hyperbolic, variationally consistent and asymptotically correct (to all studied orders). Numerical examples for eigenfrequencies and plots on mode shapes, electric potential and stress distributions curves are presented for orthotropic plate structures. The results illustrate that the present approach renders benchmark solutions provided higher order truncations are used, and act as engineering plate equations using low order truncation

A direct approach for three-dimensional elasto-static and elasto-dynamic solutions in curvilinear cylindrical coordinates with application to classical cylinder problems

This paper deals with introducing a unique representation of the three-dimensional Navier\u27s equations of motion in cylindrical coordinate system in an exact simplified form without any approximation, aiming at facilitating solution procedure for different 3-D elasto-static and elasto-dynamic problems in the future. A novel form of the 3-D elasticity equations of motion including the body forces in cylindrical coordinate system is derived in an uncoupled form in terms of the longitudinal (axial) displacement component and the \u27r-theta\u27 in-plane anti-symmetric rotation function instead of introducing any additional auxiliary unknown potential function. The other displacement components (i.e., circumferential and radial displacement components) are shown to be obtained from two independent equations in terms of the determined axial displacement and the aforementioned rotation component. The correctness, validity and easy implementation of the introduced elasticity approach for obtaining exact elasticity solutions for various 3-D elasto-static and elasto-dynamic problems are demonstrated through solving a number of known elasticity problems. Three-dimensional static and free vibrations of finitelength solid cylinders as well as thick-walled hollow cylindrical shells are analytically solved. Numerical comparative results and discussion are conducted. Excellent agreement between the obtained results and those reported in the literature is observed in all cases, confirming the validity of the proposed new approach

Dispersion free wave splittings for structural elements

Wave splittings are derived for three types of structural elements: membranes, Timoshenko beams, and Mindlin plates. The Timoshenko beam equation and the Mindlin plate equation are inherently dispersive, as is each Fourier component of the membrane equation in an angular decomposition of the field. The distinctive feature of the wave splittings derived in the present paper is that, in homogeneous regions, they transform the dispersive wave equations into simple one-way wave equations without dispersion. Such splittings have uses both for radial scattering problems in the 2D cases and for scattering problems in dispersive media. As an example of how the splittings may be applied, a direct scattering problem is solved for a membrane with radially varying density. The imbedding method is utilized, and agreement is obtained with an FE simulation

Dynamic equations for a fully anisotropic elastic plate

A hierarchy of dynamic plate equations is derived for a fully anisotropic elastic plate. Using power series expansions in the thickness coordinate for the displacement components, recursion relations are obtained among the expansion functions. Adopting these in the boundary conditions on the plate surfaces and along the edges, a set of dynamic equations with pertinent edge boundary conditions are derived on implicit form. These can be truncated to any order and are believed to be asymptotically correct. For the special case of an orthotropic plate, explicit plate equations are presented and compared analytically and numerically to other approximate theories given in the literature. These results show that the present theory capture the plate behavior accurately concerning dispersion curves, eigenfrequencies as well as stress and displacement distributions