The Hall Technique; a randomized controlled clinical trial of a novel method of managing carious primary molars in general dental practice: acceptability of the technique and outcomes at 23 months

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Scotland has high levels of untreated dental caries in primary teeth. The Hall Technique is a simplified method of managing carious primary molars using preformed metal crowns (PMCs) cemented with no local anaesthesia, caries removal or tooth preparation. This study compared the acceptability of the Hall Technique for children, their carers, and dentists, and clinical outcomes for the technique, with conventional restorations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>General dental practice based, split mouth, randomized controlled trial (132 children, aged 3–10). General dental practitioners (GDPs, n = 17) in Tayside, Scotland (dmft 2.7) placed conventional (Control) restorations in carious primary molars, and Hall Technique PMCs on the contralateral molar (matched clinically and radiographically). Dentists ranked the degree of discomfort they felt the child experienced for each procedure; then children, their carers and dentists stated which technique they preferred. The teeth were followed up clinically and radiographically.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>128 conventional restorations were placed on 132 control teeth, and 128 PMCs on 132 intervention teeth. Using a 5 point scale, 118 Hall PMCs (89%) were rated as no apparent discomfort up to mild, not significant; for Control restorations the figure was 103 (78%). Significant, unacceptable discomfort was recorded for two Hall PMCs (1.5%) and six Control restorations (4.5%). 77% of children, 83% of carers and 81% of dentists who expressed a preference, preferred the Hall technique, and this was significant (Chi square, p < 0.0001). There were 124 children (94% of the initial sample) with a minimum follow-up of 23 months. The Hall PMCs outperformed the Control restorations:</p> <p>a) 'Major' failures (signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpal disease): 19 Control restorations (15%); three Hall PMCs (2%) (P < 0.000);</p> <p>b) 'Minor' failures (loss of restoration, caries progression): 57 Control restorations (46%); six Hall PMCs (5%) (P < 0.000)</p> <p>c) Pain: 13 Control restorations (11%); two Hall PMCs (2%) (P = 0.003).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The Hall Technique was preferred to conventional restorations by the majority of children, carers and GDPs. After two years, Hall PMCs showed more favourable outcomes for pulpal health and restoration longevity than conventional restorations. The Hall Technique appears to offer an effective treatment option for carious primary molar teeth.</p> <p>Trial registration number</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47267892 – A randomized controlled trial in primary care of a novel method of using preformed metal crowns to manage decay in primary molar teeth: the Hall technique.</p

Challenging the Moral Status of Blood Donation

The World Health Organisation encourages that blood donation becomes voluntary and unremunerated, a system already operated in the UK. Drawing on public documents and videos, this paper argues that blood donation is regarded and presented as altruistic and supererogatory. In advertisements, donation is presented as something undertaken for the benefit of others, a matter attracting considerable gratitude from recipients and the collecting organisation. It is argued that regarding blood donation as an act of supererogation is wrongheaded, and an alternative account of blood donation as moral obligation is presented. Two arguments are offered in support of this position. First, the principle of beneficence, understood in a broad consequentialist framework obliges donation where the benefit to the recipient is large and the cost to the donor relatively small. This argument can be applied, with differing levels of normativity, to various acts of donation. Second, the wrongness of free riding requires individuals to contribute to collective systems from which they benefit. Alone and in combination these arguments present moral reasons for donation, recognised in communication strategies elsewhere. Research is required to evaluate the potential effects on donation of a campaign which presents blood donation as moral obligation, but of wider importance is the recognition that other-regarding considerations in relation to our own as well as others’ health result in a range not only of choices but also of obligations

Doação de leite humano: experiência de mulheres doadoras Donación de leche humana: experiencia de mujeres donantes Breast milk donation: women's donor experience

OBJETIVO: Descrever características do comportamento de doação e identificar motivos, crenças e sentimentos relativos a essa prática, segundo relatos de mulheres doadoras. Foram investigados ainda aspectos pessoais e socioambientais de mulheres doadoras e ex-doadoras que parecem afetar a conduta de doação. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal com mulheres doadoras cadastradas em dois bancos de leite da rede pública de saúde do Distrito Federal, com coleta de dados no período de julho a setembro de 2005. Participaram 36 mulheres com idades que variaram de 14 a 33 anos (média=24,78; dp=5,22), com diferentes níveis de escolaridade, sendo 58,3% primigestas. O procedimento de coleta de dados baseou-se em entrevistas domiciliares. Além das análises estatísticas descritivas, procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo categorial dos dados qualitativos. RESULTADOS: Os motivos mais citados para a doação de leite foram altruísmo e excesso de produção lática. O intervalo de tempo mais freqüente para a concretização da doação foi de 13 dias após o parto. Contato telefônico com o banco de leite foi a conduta adotada pela maioria das participantes (n=22) para obtenção de informações que favoreceram o início do processo de doação. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificados aspectos psicossociais e experiências de mulheres doadoras que poderão contribuir para o fortalecimento da rede de apoio social formal e informal para doação, além de servir de estímulo para a implementação de estratégias técnicas e políticas que favoreçam a prática de doação.<br>OBJETIVO: Describir características del comportamiento de donación e identificar motivos, creencias y sentimientos relacionados con esa práctica, según relatos de mujeres donantes. Fueron investigados también aspectos personales y socioambientales de mujeres donantes y ex-donantes que parecen afectar la conducta de donación. MÉTODOS: Fue realizado estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal con mujeres donantes registradas en dos bancos de leche de la red pública de salud del Distrito Federal de Brasil, con colecta de datos en el período de julio a septiembre de 2005. Participaron 36 mujeres con edad que varió de 14 a 33 años (promedio = 24,78; desviación standard= 5,22), con diferentes niveles de escolaridad, siendo 58,3% primerizas. El procedimiento de colecta de datos se basó en entrevistas domiciliares. Además de los análisis estadísticos descriptivos, se procedió al análisis de contenido categórico de los datos cualitativos. RESULTADOS: Los motivos más citados para la donación de leche fueron altruismo y exceso de producción láctica. El intervalo de tiempo más frecuente para la concretar la donación fue de 13 días posterior al parto. Contacto telefónico con el banco de leche fue la conducta adoptada por la mayoría de las participantes (n=22) para obtención de informaciones que favorecieron el inicio del proceso de donación. CONCLUSIONES: Fueron identificados aspectos psicosociales y experiencias de mujeres donantes que pudieron contribuir para el fortalecimiento de la red de apoyo social formal e informal para donación, además de servir de estímulo para la implementación de estrategias técnicas y políticas que favorezcan la práctica de donación.<br>OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of donation behavior and identify reasons, beliefs and feelings relative to this practice, based on the reports of donor women. Personal and social-environmental aspects, which seem to affect donation behavior in donors and former donors, were also investigated. METHODS: An exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with women donors at two breast-milk banks within the public health system of the Brazilian Federal District. Data was collected from July to September 2005. The participants were 36 women, aged 14 to 33 years (average=24.78; SD=5.22), with different levels of schooling, 58.3% of which were first-time mothers. Data gathering was based on interviews carried out during home visits. In addition to descriptive statistical analyses of quantitative data, a qualitative data categorical analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The most frequently reported reasons for donating breast milk were altruism and excess milk production. The most frequent time interval for donation was 13 days after delivery. Contact by phone with the milk bank was the most common means of communication used by the majority of participants (n=22) to obtain information that enabled the donating process. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial aspects identified and the experience of donors can contribute to the empowerment of the formal and informal social donation-support network, in addition to serving as a driver for the implementation of technical and policy strategies in promoting future donation practices

Demência como fator de risco para fraturas graves em idosos Dementia as risk factor for severe bone fractures among the elderly

INTRODUÇÃO: As quedas entre pessoas idosas constituem importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta incidência, às complicações para a saúde e aos altos custos assistenciais. O estudo realizado visa a estimar a associação entre demência e ocorrência de quedas e fraturas entre idosos. MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido estudo caso-controle de 404 indivíduos com 60 ou mais anos de idade, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Casos e controles foram pareados por idade, sexo e hospital. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada com os idosos. Foram considerados portadores de quadro demencial idosos cuja pontuação no questionário BOAS fosse superior a dois. Foram obtidos odds ratios (OR) ajustados por fatores potenciais de confusão, utilizando-se regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: As quedas distribuíram-se igualmente entre os períodos da manhã, tarde e noite, havendo uma redução em sua freqüência durante a madrugada. Acidentaram-se dentro de casa 78% dos idosos com demência, contra 55% daqueles sem essa doença. O OR não-ajustado para a associação entre demência e fratura grave foi de 2,0 (IC95%, 1,23-3,25). Após o ajuste por fatores de confusão, houve uma pequena redução dessa associação (OR=1,82, 1,03-3,23). CONCLUSÃO: Idosos com quadro demencial apresentam maior risco de caírem e ser hospitalizados por fratura do que idosos sem demência. Tal fato implica a necessidade de cuidados especiais com esses indivíduos, visando a minimizar o risco desses acidentes.<br>INTRODUCTION: Falls among elderly represent an important public health concern due to its high incidence, health implications, and medical care costs. The study aims to assess the association between dementia and bone fracture risk after falls among the elderly. METHODS: A case-control of 404 subjects aged 60 years old or more living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out. Cases and controls were matched by age, sex, and hospital. Data were collected using structured interviews. Elderly people who scored 2 or more points in the BOAS (Brazil Old Age Schedule) scale were considered as having dementia. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for potential confoundings were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Falls occurred at the same frequency in the morning, afternoon and night, but they were less common at dawn. Among those who fell at home, 78% had dementia against 55% with no dementia. The crude OR for the association between dementia and severe bone fracture was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.23-3.25). After adjustment for confounders there was a small reduction in the strength of this association (OR=1.82; 1.03-3.23). CONCLUSIONS: Dementia elderly people showed a higher risk of falling and being hospitalized due to bone fracture. This stresses the importance of special care for those individuals to reduce the occurrence of these accidents

Co-precipitation synthesis and characterization of faceted MoS2 nanorods with controllable morphologies

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanopowder has been prepared using a co-precipitation method. This paper describes the thermal effect on the morphology enhancement of MoS2 sphere-like structures into nanorods with a winding structure. For the reduction in precursors, the as-obtained MoS2 nanopowder was calcinated at 250, 400, 600, and 800 degrees C for 1 h in an N-2 environment. The calcined samples were characterized using a particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray analysis (EDAX) and transmission electron microscopy, HRTEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show the MoS2 sphere-like structure with diameter in the range of 50-100 nm and rod-like winding structure with diameter in the range of 20-150 nm, and a few tens of micrometers in length with a high degree of size homogeneity. The FT-IR spectra show the obtained bands at 480 and 900 cm(-1) are corresponding to the Mo-S bond and the S-S bond. The TG-DTA curves confirm the thermal stability of the prepared samples. It is observed that the band gap energy for the MoS2 nanorods is lower than for the nanospherical structure MoS2, which leads to achieve high electron and hole recombination rate.ope