Validation of the Use of SEBS Blends as a Substitute for Liquid Silicone Rubber in Injection Processes

Liquid silicone rubber is an interesting material at an industrial level, but there are great difficulties in the design and machining of molds, and in addition, it cannot be processed using conventional equipment. Therefore, new lines of research have focused on the search for new materials capable of providing final properties similar to liquid silicone rubber, that can also be engineered using simple, conventional processes and machinery. In this investigation, a range of compatible blends, based on two commercial grades of styrene-b-ethyleneco- butylene-b-styrene (SEBS) thermoplastic elastomer, was studied in order to obtain a range of different Shore A hardness blends for industrial applications where liquid silicone rubber (different hardness) is currently used. The two blended elastomers used had widely differing Shore A hardness values (5 and 90). Once the blended materials had been characterized, the Cross and Williams et al. [20] (Cross-WLF) mathematical model was applied in order to obtain theoretical performance curves for the viscosity of each of the blends. After this, a model was developed using the Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software package Autodesk Moldflow 2012TM. This computer modeling validated the results obtained from the mathematical models, thus making available to process engineers the full range of hardnesses necessary for industrial products (where liquid silicone rubber is used), while still providing the advantages of thermoplastic injection molding.The authors wish to thank "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion" IPT-310000-2010-37 and Universidad Politecnica de Valencia PAID 10012 for their financial support.Juárez Varón, D.; R. Balart; T. Boronat; Reig Pérez, MJ.; Ferrándiz Bou, S. (2013). Validation of the Use of SEBS Blends as a Substitute for Liquid Silicone Rubber in Injection Processes. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 28(11):1215-1221. doi:10.1080/10426914.2013.811732S121512212811Zhang, B., Wong, J. S.-P., Shi, D., Yam, R. C.-M., & Li, R. K.-Y. (2010). Investigation on the mechanical performances of ternary nylon 6/SEBS elastomer/nano-SiO2hybrid composites with controlled morphology. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 115(1), 469-479. doi:10.1002/app.30185Su, F.-H., & Huang, H.-X. (2009). Mechanical and rheological properties of PP/SEBS/OMMT ternary composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112(5), 3016-3023. doi:10.1002/app.29875Sugimoto, M., Sakai, K., Aoki, Y., Taniguchi, T., Koyama, K., & Ueda, T. (2009). Rheology and morphology change with temperature of SEBS/hydrocarbon oil blends. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 47(10), 955-965. doi:10.1002/polb.21699Jose, A. J., Alagar, M., & P. Thomas, S. (2012). Preparation and Characterization of Organoclay Filled Polysulfone Nanocomposites. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27(3), 247-254. doi:10.1080/10426914.2011.585490Ivanović, N., Marjanović, N., Grbović Novaković, J., Manasijević, M., Rakočević, Z., Andrić, V., & Hadžić, B. (2009). Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Cured and Uncured Disiloxane Bisbenzocyclobutene Thin Films. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(10-11), 1180-1184. doi:10.1080/10426910902978811Perisić, M., Radojević, V., Uskoković, P. S., Stojanović, D., Jokić, B., & Aleksić, R. (2009). Wood–Thermoplastic Composites Based on Industrial Waste and Virgin High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(10-11), 1207-1213. doi:10.1080/10426910903032212Iqbal, H., Sheikh, A. K., Al-Yousef, A., & Younas, M. (2012). Mold Design Optimization for Sand Casting of Complex Geometries Using Advance Simulation Tools. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27(7), 775-785. doi:10.1080/10426914.2011.648250Özek, C., & Çelık, Y. H. (2011). Calculating Molding Parameters in Plastic Injection Molds with ANN and Developing Software. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 27(2), 160-168. doi:10.1080/10426914.2011.560224Hirschmanner, M., Mörwald, K., & Fröhlich, C. (2011). Next Generation Mold Level Control: Development of LevCon 2.0. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(1), 169-174. doi:10.1080/10426910903206691Selvakumar, P., & Bhatnagar, N. (2009). Studies on Polypropylene/Carbon Fiber Composite Foams by Nozzle-Based Microcellular Injection Molding System. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(5), 533-540. doi:10.1080/10426910902742738Gramegna, N., Corte, E. D., & Poles, S. (2011). Manufacturing Process Simulation for Product Design Chain Optimization. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(3), 527-533. doi:10.1080/10426914.2011.564248Marković, G., Radovanović, B., Marinović-Cincović, M., & Budinski-Simendić, J. (2009). The Effect of Accelerators on Curing Characteristics and Properties of Natural Rubber/Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene Rubber Blend. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(10-11), 1224-1228. doi:10.1080/10426910902967087Mehat, N. M., & Kamaruddin, S. (2011). Investigating the Effects of Injection Molding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Plastic Parts Using the Taguchi Method. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(2), 202-209. doi:10.1080/10426914.2010.529587Chen, C.-C., Su, P.-L., Chiou, C.-B., & Chiang, K.-T. (2011). Experimental Investigation of Designed Parameters on Dimension Shrinkage of Injection Molded Thin-Wall Part by Integrated Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(3), 534-540. doi:10.1080/10426914.2010.530331Martinez, A., Castany, J., & Aisa, J. (2011). Characterization of In-Mold Decoration Process and Influence of the Fabric Characteristics in This Process. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(9), 1164-1172. doi:10.1080/10426914.2010.536934Primo Benitez-Rangel, J., Trejo-Hernández, M., Alberto Morales-Hernández, L., & Domínguez-González, A. (2010). Improvement of the Injection Mold Process by Using Vibration Through a Mold Accessory. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25(7), 577-580. doi:10.1080/10426910903124902Chen, C.-C. (2011). Design of Effective Parameters on the Wick-Debinding Process for Powder Injection Molded Green Compact. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 26(10), 1261-1268. doi:10.1080/10426914.2010.544826Boronat, T., Segui, V. J., Peydro, M. A., & Reig, M. J. (2009). Influence of temperature and shear rate on the rheology and processability of reprocessed ABS in injection molding process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(5), 2735-2745. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.013Cross, M. M. (1965). Rheology of non-Newtonian fluids: A new flow equation for pseudoplastic systems. Journal of Colloid Science, 20(5), 417-437. doi:10.1016/0095-8522(65)90022-xReig, M. J., Segui, V. J., & Zamanillo, J. D. (2005). Rheological Behavior Modeling of Recycled ABS/PC Blends Applied to Injection Molding Process. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 25(5). doi:10.1515/polyeng.2005.25.5.43

Didactic video as an alternative to in vivo assays in practical lessons of pharmacology

La Farmacología es una ciencia eminentemente práctica, en la que tiene gran relevancia la investigación "in vivo" con animales de experimentación. Los conocimientos impartidos en las clases teóricas, seminarios y tutorías, se completan con la enseñanza en las sesiones prácticas. Sin embargo, algunos aspectos importantes de esta enseñanza práctica, que incluyen la realización de ensayos “in vivo”, resulta problemático impartirlos correctamente con la normativa actual sobre la utilización de animales de laboratorio. Por ello, nos planteamos la realización de unos vídeos demostrativos de las técnicas experimentales utilizadas en algunas de las sesiones prácticas de las asignaturasde Farmacologia I y II del Grado en Farmacia. En cada sesión el profesor realiza una breve introducción del modelo experimental, indicando los objetivos que se plantea el investigador asi como las posibilidades de dicha técnica. A continuación en los vídeos, los estudiantes ven el desarrollo completo del experimento, los materiales necesarios y las condiciones experimentales adecuadas para su realización, asi como los diferentes parámetros y variables que se pueden medir. Al finalizar la proyección del vídeo se plantean dos tipos de tareas a los estudiantes: - diseño de un protocolo de evaluación de un fármaco con la metodología descrita - análisis, presentación y discusión de resultados, tras proporcionarles ejemplos de datos obtenidos en el ensayo. El procedimiento seguido para la elaboración de los vídeos es: 1) Diseño del ensayo de laboratorio. 2) Preparación del material necesario y las condiciones para una correcta grabación. 3) Grabación. Montaje de las imágenes (incluye fotografías, esquemas) y del sonido. 4) Edición del material filmado (una versión para Video- DVD y otra para incluirla en el Servidor Multimedia de la plataforma de la Universitat de València).Pharmacology is a primarily practical science, in which “in vivo” research using experimental animal models plays a relevant role. The topics covered in the theoretical classes, seminars and tutorials are complemented with learning in practical sessions. However, certain important aspects of the practical learning, which include performing “in vivo” assays, represents a challenge given the actual regulations regarding laboratory animal utilization. Therefore, we proposed to produce didactic videos for various practical sessions. The teacher gives a brief introduction of the selected experimental animal model, indicating the intended objectives to be achieved. The students can see in the video the complete experiment progression, necessary materials and the proper experimental conditions to perform the assay, as well as the different parameters and variables to be measured. - a protocol design to evaluate a drug with the described methodology - analysis, result presentation and discussion of given example data obtained with the assay. The procedure used for the video elaboration was: 1) Design of the laboratory assay. 2) Preparation of the necessary materials and conditions for a correct recording. 3) Recording. Image (including photographs, schemes, figures) and sound download. 4) Editing of the filmed material (one version for Video- DVD and another one to be included in the virtual platform Multimedia Server of the University of Valencia)

Detección de interacciones y duplicidades en 2 farmacias comunitarias de Alicante mediante revisiones de la medicación a mayores crónicos

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso en el que se producen importantes cambios fisiológicos y aumenta la incidencia de múltiples patologías. Estos cambios pueden producir alteraciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, con importantes implicaciones en los regímenes de dosificación de fármacos. Objetivos: Analizar la farmacoterapia del paciente anciano desde la farmacia comunitaria para conocer y clasificar los medicamentos prescritos, analizar las interacciones y buscar duplicidades. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y observacional, en el que se incluyeron pacientes de atención primaria mayores de 65 años con, al menos, un tratamiento crónico. Se clasificaron los fármacos, se analizaron las interacciones y se buscaron duplicidades con Bot Plus. Resultados: El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el C (aparato cardiovascular). El subgrupo terapéutico de mayor consumo fue el de los IBP (inhibidores de la bomba de protones). El principio activo más prescrito fue omeprazol. Se detectaron 299 interacciones y 17 duplicidades con Bot Plus. Conclusiones: El 66,8% de los pacientes mayores de 65 años eran polimedicados, con una media de 7 medicamentos/paciente. El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el de los fármacos para el aparato cardiovascular, y los subgrupos terapéuticos más prescritos fueron los IBP y las estatinas; omeprazol fue el principio activo más prescrito. Se han detectado 299 interacciones, de las cuales las clasificadas como «espaciar administración» pueden ser evitadas con una adecuada dispensación del farmacéutico. Por último, un 8% de los pacientes presentaba duplicidades

Detección de interacciones y duplicidades en 2 farmacias comunitarias de Alicante mediante revisiones de la medicación a mayores crónicos

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso en el que se producen importantes cambios fisiológicos y aumenta la incidencia de múltiples patologías. Estos cambios pueden producir alteraciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, con importantes implicaciones en los regímenes de dosificación de fármacos. Objetivos: Analizar la farmacoterapia del paciente anciano desde la farmacia comunitaria para conocer y clasificar los medicamentos prescritos, analizar las interacciones y buscar duplicidades. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y observacional, en el que se incluyeron pacientes de atención primaria mayores de 65 años con, al menos, un tratamiento crónico. Se clasificaron los fármacos, se analizaron las interacciones y se buscaron duplicidades con Bot Plus. Resultados: El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el C (aparato cardiovascular). El subgrupo terapéutico de mayor consumo fue el de los IBP (inhibidores de la bomba de protones). El principio activo más prescrito fue omeprazol. Se detectaron 299 interacciones y 17 duplicidades con Bot Plus. Conclusiones: El 66,8% de los pacientes mayores de 65 años eran polimedicados, con una media de 7 medicamentos/paciente. El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el de los fármacos para el aparato cardiovascular, y los subgrupos terapéuticos más prescritos fueron los IBP y las estatinas; omeprazol fue el principio activo más prescrito. Se han detectado 299 interacciones, de las cuales las clasificadas como «espaciar administración» pueden ser evitadas con una adecuada dispensación del farmacéutico. Por último, un 8% de los pacientes presentaba duplicidades

Pharmacinema: teaching resource in the learning of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy

Introducción: El objetivo prioritario de la actividad Farmacinema es favorecer el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudiantes de Farmacología (Licenciatura o Grado en Farmacia), con una metodología complementaria a la empleada en la enseñanza tradicional, utilizando películas comerciales para reforzar aspectos terapéuticos y bioéticos. Los estudiantes.Metodología: Los estudiantes pueden asistir a 3 sesiones distintas durante el curso: 2 en grupo amplio (80-100 estudiantes) y una sesión en grupos reducidos (16), que se realiza en las prácticas de Farmacia Clínica. Las películas seleccionadas han sido: El aceite de la vida y Despertares en las sesiones generales, en el primer y segundo trimestre de curso, respectivamente; Los chicos de la señorita Evers y El jardinero fiel en las sesiones en prácticas. En cada sesión el procedimiento utilizado es similar: breve introducción sobre las características técnicas más importantes de la película así como los puntos fuertes, aspectos a destacar para enfocar el interés de los estudiantes a lo que creemos más útil para conseguir los objetivos propuestos; visualización de la película y debate. Para motivar la atención del alumno hacia estos “puntos fuertes”, se les entrega un tríptico con la información básica sobre la película y con una serie de cuestiones que tienen que ir contestando a lo largo de la sesión o bien al acabar ésta. Estas cuestiones sirven de base para plantear y suscitar el debate. Resultados y conclusión: La asistencia es voluntaria y ha ido aumentando en los tres años que se ha ofertado esta actividad. Los estudiantes valoran muy positivamente el Farmacinema.Introduction: The main objective of Pharmacinema is to favour the teaching-learning process of Pharmacology students of the School of Pharmacy, as a complementary method to the conventionally used one, using commercial movies to reinforce therapeutic and bioethical aspects. Methodology: Students may assist to 3 different sessions throughout the school year: 2 in big groups (80-100 students) and one in small groups (16 students) to be performed during the practical lessons of Clinical Pharmacy. The selected movies were: Lorenzo’s oil and Awakenings for the general sessions of the first and second trimesters respectively, Mrs Evers’ boys and The constant gardener for the practical lessons sessions. The procedure used for each session was similar: a brief introduction stating the major technical characteristics of the movie ant the strong points, aspects to be pointed out in order to address the students’ interest towards what we consider most relevant to achieve the proposed objectives; movie visualization and debate. To motivate the student’s attention towards these strong points, the students received a flyer with the basic information about the movie and a series of questions that they have to answer during or at the end of the session. These questions also are used as a start point for the debate. Results and conclusion: Assistance to the general sessions is voluntary, and has increased over the three years in which this activity has been offered. Students have evaluated Pharmacinema as a very positive activity

A multi-stakeholder multicriteria decision analysis for the reimbursement of orphan drugs (FinMHU-MCDA study)

Background: Patient access to orphan medicinal products (OMPs) is limited and varies between countries, reimbursement decisions on OMPs are complex, and there is a need for more transparent processes to know which criteria should be considered to inform these decisions. This study aimed to determine the most relevant criteria for the reimbursement of OMPs in Spain, from a multi-stakeholder perspective, and using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). Methods: An MCDA was developed in 3 phases and included 28 stakeholders closely related to the field of rare diseases (6 physicians, 5 hospital pharmacists, 7 health economists, 4 patient representatives and 6 members from national and regional health authorities). Initially [phase A], a bibliographic review was conducted to identify the potential reimbursement criteria. Then, a reduced advisory board (8 members) proposed, selected, and defined the final list of criteria that could be relevant for reimbursement. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) [phase B] was developed to determine the relevance and relative importance weight of such criteria according to the stakeholders’ preferences by choosing between pairs of hypothetical financing scenarios. A multinomial logit model was fitted to analyze the DCE responses. Finally [phase C], the advisory board review the results using a deliberative process. Results: Thirteen criteria were selected, related to 4 dimensions: patient population, disease, treatment, and economic evaluation. Nine criteria were deemed relevant for decision-making and associated with a higher relative importance: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) (23.53%), treatment efficacy (14.64%), availability of treatment alternatives (13.51%), disease severity (12.62%), avoided costs (11.21%), age of target population (7.75%), safety (seriousness of adverse events) (4.72%), quality of evidence (3.82%) and size of target population (3.12%). The remaining criteria had a < 3% relative importance: economic burden of disease (2.50%), cost of treatment (1.73%), cost-effectiveness (0.83%) and safety (frequency of adverse events) (0.03%). Conclusion: The reimbursement of OMPs in Spain should be determined by its effect on patient’s HRQL, the extent of its therapeutic benefit from efficacy and the availability of other therapeutic options. Furthermore, the severity of the rare disease should also influence the decision along with the potential of the treatment to avoid associated costs

Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the acetone extract from Anacardium occidentale L

The stem bark of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), commonly called cashew, is used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of gastric and inflammatory disorders. The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the acetone extract (AE) of the stem bark of A. occidentale. We evaluated the pharmacological activities of this plant material through the analgesic, antiedematogenic and chemotaxic inhibitory effects produced by the AE. The oral administration (p.o.) of mice with the AE (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg) or positive control indomethacin (10 mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing by 18.9, 35.9, 62.9 and 68.9%, respectively (ID50% = 530 mg/kg). The highest dose of the AE was able to inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema formation by 56.8% (indomethacin at 10 mg/kg, p.o. - 57.6% inhibition). When submitted to the carrageenan-induced peritonitis test, the AE (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg, p.o.) impaired leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity by 24.8, 40.5 and 49.6%, respectively. The positive control, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, s.c.), inhibited leukocyte migration by 66.9%. These results indicate the presence of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles in the acetone extract of Anacardium occidentale, and reinforce the plant's potential therapeutic use against pain and inflammatory diseases.As cascas do caule do Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), conhecido como cajueiro, são popularmente utilizadas no Brasil para o tratamento de doenças gástricas e inflamatórias. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação farmacológica in vivo da atividade antiinflamatória do extrato acetônico (AE) obtido das cascas do A. occidentale, investigando os efeitos analgésico, antiedematogênico e inibitório sobre a quimiotaxia deste material botânico. A administração oral (p.o.) em camundongos com o AE (0,1; 0,3 e 1 g/kg) ou o controle positivo indometacina (10 mg/kg) inibiu as contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético em 18,9; 35,9; 62,9 e 68,9% respectivamente (ID50% = 530 mg/kg). Esta maior dose do AE também inibiu o edema de orelha produzido pelo óleo de cróton em 56,8% (indometacina, 10 mg/kg, p.o. - 57,6% de inibição). No teste da peritonite induzido pela carragenina, o AE (0,1; 0,3; e 1,0 mg/kg, p.o.) reduziu a migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal em 24,8; 40,5; e 49,6% respectivamente, enquanto que o controle positivo dexametasona (2 mg/kg, s.c.) inibiu a migração de leucócitos em 66,9%. Estes resultados indicam a presença de princípios ativos antiinflamatórios e antinociceptivos no extrato acetônico de Anacardium occidentale e reforçam o potencial terapêutico da planta em doenças que envolvem dor e inflamação

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs is not an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at first patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n = 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥ 7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the final multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age ≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × 103/µL, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein ≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome

Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity components. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the defense against viral infections, for instance plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-α). In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-α production, which has been associated with disease severity. In this work, we described that in addition to the DC deficiency, several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients, which were associated with multiple inflammatory markers. Remarkably, previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+ myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients, while no restoration of integrin β7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase (IDO) levels were observed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19

Seguimiento de las guías españolas para el manejo del asma por el médico de atención primaria: un estudio observacional ambispectivo

Objetivo Evaluar el grado de seguimiento de las recomendaciones de las versiones de la Guía española para el manejo del asma (GEMA 2009 y 2015) y su repercusión en el control de la enfermedad. Material y métodos Estudio observacional y ambispectivo realizado entre septiembre del 2015 y abril del 2016, en el que participaron 314 médicos de atención primaria y 2.864 pacientes. Resultados Utilizando datos retrospectivos, 81 de los 314 médicos (25, 8% [IC del 95%, 21, 3 a 30, 9]) comunicaron seguir las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2009. Al inicio del estudio, 88 de los 314 médicos (28, 0% [IC del 95%, 23, 4 a 33, 2]) seguían las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2015. El tener un asma mal controlada (OR 0, 19, IC del 95%, 0, 13 a 0, 28) y presentar un asma persistente grave al inicio del estudio (OR 0, 20, IC del 95%, 0, 12 a 0, 34) se asociaron negativamente con tener un asma bien controlada al final del seguimiento. Por el contrario, el seguimiento de las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2015 se asoció de manera positiva con una mayor posibilidad de que el paciente tuviera un asma bien controlada al final del periodo de seguimiento (OR 1, 70, IC del 95%, 1, 40 a 2, 06). Conclusiones El escaso seguimiento de las guías clínicas para el manejo del asma constituye un problema común entre los médicos de atención primaria. Un seguimiento de estas guías se asocia con un control mejor del asma. Existe la necesidad de actuaciones que puedan mejorar el seguimiento por parte de los médicos de atención primaria de las guías para el manejo del asma. Objective: To assess the degree of compliance with the recommendations of the 2009 and 2015 versions of the Spanish guidelines for managing asthma (Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma [GEMA]) and the effect of this compliance on controlling the disease. Material and methods: We conducted an observational ambispective study between September 2015 and April 2016 in which 314 primary care physicians and 2864 patients participated. Results: Using retrospective data, we found that 81 of the 314 physicians (25.8%; 95% CI 21.3–30.9) stated that they complied with the GEMA2009 recommendations. At the start of the study, 88 of the 314 physicians (28.0%; 95% CI 23.4–33.2) complied with the GEMA2015 recommendations. Poorly controlled asthma (OR, 0.19; 95% CI 0.13–0.28) and persistent severe asthma at the start of the study (OR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.12–0.34) were negatively associated with having well-controlled asthma by the end of the follow-up. In contrast, compliance with the GEMA2015 recommendations was positively associated with a greater likelihood that the patient would have well-controlled asthma by the end of the follow-up (OR, 1.70; 95% CI 1.40–2.06). Conclusions: Low compliance with the clinical guidelines for managing asthma is a common problem among primary care physicians. Compliance with these guidelines is associated with better asthma control. Actions need to be taken to improve primary care physician compliance with the asthma management guidelines