Dano oxidativo cardíaco em ratas com hiperhomocisteínemia e proteção pelo estrogênio

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ANÁLISE DO ÍNDICE DE PERCEPÇÃO DE ESFORÇO NA AVALIAÇÃO DAS PRESSÕES RESPIRATÓRIAS MÁXIMAS EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES

Objective: To analyze the rate of perceived exertion in assessing maximal respiratory pressures in children and adolescents. Methods: We evaluated 144 healthy children and adolescents from seven to eleven years old, 63 boys and 81 girls, students from public and private schools. The instrument used was a digital manovacuometer MVD300 (Globalmed ®, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil). A maximum of nine maneuvers were carried out, with one minute rest between each maneuver and five minutes between the measurement of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures. The rate of perceived effort was determined by Borg scale and was used at four different moments: before measuring maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, previously drawn; immediately after the first measurement; after five minutes of rest and immediately after the last assessment. Results: The children and adolescents’ perceived exertion before, immediately after and five minutes after assessment was 7.8 ± 1.8, 9.6 ± 2.5 and 8.5 ± 2.3, respectively. There was a significant increase after measuring maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (p <0.001). The amount of effort decreased significantly with five minutes of rest after maximal respiratory pressures (p < 0.05). The perceived exertion was similar for children and adolescents who underwent up to five or more maneuvers. Conclusion: The assessment of maximal respiratory pressures in children and adolescents proved to be a safe method regarding perceived exertion. It is suggested that the analysis of the rate of perceived exertion may be a common practice during the evaluation of respiratory muscle strength.Objetivo: Analisar o índice de percepção de esforço na avaliação das pressões respiratórias máximas de crianças e adolescentes. Método: Foram avaliadas 144 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis, de sete a onze anos, sendo 63 meninos e 81 meninas, estudantes das redes pública e privada. O instrumento utilizado foi o manovacuômetro digital MVD300 (Globalmed ®, Porto Alegre – RS, Brasil). Foram realizadas no máximo nove manobras, com um minuto de descanso entre cada manobra e cinco minutos entre a medição das pressões inspiratórias e expiratórias máximas. A sensação de esforço percebido foi determinada através da escala de Borg e foi utilizada em quatro momentos: antes das medições das pressões respiratórias máximas, previamente sorteadas; imediatamente após a primeira medição sorteada; após cinco minutos de descanso e imediatamente após a última avaliação. Resultados: O esforço percebido das crianças e adolescentes antes, imediatamente após e cinco minutos após a manovacuometria foi de 7,8±1,8; 9,6±2,5 e 8,5±2,3, respectivamente. Houve aumento significativo após a mensuração das pressões inspiratórias e expiratórias máximas (p < 0,001). A quantidade de esforço diminuiu significativamente após cinco minutos de descanso da realização das pressões respiratórias máximas (p< 0,05). A percepção de esforço foi semelhante para as crianças e adolescentes que realizaram até cinco ou mais manobras. Conclusão: A avaliação das pressões respiratórias máximas, em crianças e adolescentes, mostrou-se um método seguro quanto à percepção de esforço. Sugere-se que a análise do índice de esforço percebido possa ser prática frequente durante a avaliação da força muscular respiratória

Grau de incapacidade física na população idosa afetada pela hanseníase no estado da Bahia, Brasil

Objective: To analyze the degree of physical disability in the elderly population affected by leprosy in Bahia State, between 2001 and 2012. Methods: The data relating to cases of leprosy was obtained from National System of Notifiable Diseases. Variables analyzed gender, age, race/color, education level, clinical and operational classification, degree of physical incapacity in diagnosis and discharge. Epidemiological indicators related to physical incapacity were calculated. Results: The leprosy features high magnitude in the elderly population, with a coefficient of detection of new cases higher than the general population, situated at a hyperendemic level. As to the epidemiological profile of leprosy in elderly, stands out: men, age 60 to 69 years, white race, low education level, dimorphic clinical manifestation and multibacillary operational classification. 36.25% of diagnosed cases had a physical incapacity at the time of diagnosis, with emphasis on the masculine gender. Conclusion: The high proportion of individuals with physical incapacity at the time of diagnosis suggests late diagnosis and hidden prevalence of the disease, mostly in Individuals of the male gender.Objetivo: Analisar o grau de incapacidade física na população idosa afetada pela hanseníase no estado da Bahia, entre 2001 e 2012. Métodos: Os dados referentes aos casos de hanseníase foram obtidos do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação. Variáveis analisadas: sexo, faixa etária, raça/cor, escolaridade, classificação clínica e operacional, grau de incapacidade física no diagnóstico e na alta. Foram calculados indicadores epidemiológicos relacionados à incapacidade física. Resultados: A hanseníase apresenta elevada magnitude na população idosa, com coeficiente de detecção de casos novos superior ao da população geral, situando-se em nível hiperendêmico. Quanto ao perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em idosos, destaca-se: homens, faixa etária 60 a 69 anos, raça branca, baixa escolaridade, forma clínica dimorfa e classificação operacional multibacilar. 36,25% dos casos diagnosticados apresentavam incapacidade física no momento do diagnóstico, com destaque para o gênero masculino. Conclusão: A elevada proporção de indivíduos com incapacidades físicas no momento do diagnóstico sugere diagnóstico tardio e prevalência oculta da doença, sobretudo em indivíduos do gênero masculino

Clinical Impact of the Line Probe Assay and Xpert® MTB/RIF Assay in the Presumptive Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Brazil: A Pragmatic Clinical Trial

Background: Rapid molecular methods such as the line probe assay (LPA) and Xpert® MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) have been recommended by the World Health Organization for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) diagnosis. We conducted an interventional trial in DR-TB reference centers in Brazil to evaluate the impact of the use of LPA and Xpert. Methods: Patients with DR-TB were eligible if their drug susceptibility testing results were available to the treating physician at the time of consultation. The standard reference MGITTM 960 was compared with Xpert (arm 1) and LPA (arm 2). Effectiveness was considered as the start of the appropriate TB regimen that matched drug susceptibility testing (DST) and the proportions of culture conversion and favorable treatment outcomes after 6 months. Results: A higher rate of empirical treatment was observed with MGIT alone than with the Xpert assay (97.0% vs. 45.0%) and LPA (98.2% vs. 67.5%). Patients started appropriate TB treatment more quickly than those in the MGIT group (median 15.0 vs. 40.5 days; p<0.01) in arm 1. Compared to the MGIT group, culture conversion after 6 months was higher for Xpert in arm 1 (90.9% vs. 79.3%, p=0.39) and LPA in arm 2 (80.0% vs. 83.0%, p=0.81). Conclusions: In the Xpert arm, there was a significant reduction in days to the start of appropriate anti-TB treatment and a trend towards greater culture conversion in the sixth month

Multidimensional assessment of institutionalized elderly: the reality of a brazilian institution

Background: The population aging in Brazil is characterized by the accumulation of progressive disabilities in their functional activities and daily life. To consider the elderlies in his/her multiple dimensions turns out to be a critical issue to improvetheir assistance to an institu-tionalized level, improving their health and quality of life. To perform a mini-overall evaluation of institutionalized elderly person to trace their profile in relation to the socio-demographic, functional capacity, nutritional status and cognition. Methods: Descriptive study, with a cross-sectional design and quan-titative approach performed in a long - stay institution for the elderly in Natal, RN. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Com-mittee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under opinion number 164/2011.Results: 63.3% of the elderly were female, with ages varying from 61 to 103 years. 60.0% were single; 56.7% were literate. 66.7% had no children and 55% lived with their families before the institutio-nalization. As for the institutionalization time, 63.3% resided in the institution for four years. As what concerns the aspects of health, 73.3% of the elderly presented hearing difficulties, 90% make use of medicines predominantly to diabetes and hypertension. There is clear evidence that the institutionalization has been harmful to the elderly as with regards basic activities of daily living, nutritional status and cognitive aspects. Conclusion: The progressive disability in functional activities of daily life interferes directly in the quality of life, increasing dependency and minimizing the autonomy of these individuals. It is necessary to effec-tive implementation of public policies directed to the institutionalized elderly from the perspective of effective actions for improved attention and assistance