Kinetics of mass loss of arabica coffee during roasting process

Roasting is one of the most complex coffee processing steps due to simultaneous transfers of heat and mass. During this process, beans lose mass because of fast physical and chemical changes that will set color and flavor of the commercial coffee beverage. Therefore, we aimed at assessing the kinetics of mass loss in commercially roasted coffee beans according to heating throughout the processing. For that, we used samples of 350-g Arabica coffee processed grains with water content of 0.1217 kga kg-1, in addition to a continuous roaster with firing gas. The roaster had initial temperatures of 285, 325, 345 and 380 °C, decreasing during the process up to 255, 285, 305 and 335 °C respectively. Mass loss was calculated by the difference between grain weight before and after roasting. We observed a linear variation directly dependent on roaster temperature. For each temperature during the process was obtained a constant mass loss rate, which was reported by the Arrhenius model with r2 above 0.98. In a roaster in non-isothermal conditions, the required activation energy to start the mass loss in a commercial coffee roasting index was 52.27 kJ mol -1.A torrefação é uma das etapas mais complexa do processamento do café devido à transferência simultânea de calor e massa, em que os grãos perdem massa devido à rapidez das mudanças físicas e químicas, necessárias para produzir a cor e o aroma do café comercial. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a cinética da perda de massa dos grãos de café torrados comercialmente em função da temperatura do processo. Foram usadas amostras de 350 g de grãos beneficiados de café arábica com teor de água de 0,1217 kga kg-1 . Usou-se um torrador com queima de gás constante e temperaturas iniciais de 285; 325; 345 e 380 °C, que diminuíram durante a operação até equilibrar-se em 255; 285; 305 e 335 °C, respectivamente. A perda de massa foi calculada a partir do peso dos grãos antes e depois da torração, sendo observada uma variação linear dependente diretamente da temperatura do torrador. Para cada temperatura do processo, foi obtida uma taxa constante de perda de massa, que foi relacionada pelo modelo de Arrhenius com r2 acima de 0,98. Em condições não isotérmicas do torrador, a energia de ativação necessária para iniciar a perda de massa, em índices de torração comercial do café, foi 52,27 kJ mol-1 .Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/[]/CNPq/BrasilCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/[]/CAPES/ BrasilFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/[]/FAPEMIG/BrasilUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS

Water sorption kinetics of damaged beans: GAB model

The objective of this study was to model the water sorption kinetics of damaged beans. Grains with initial moisture content of 53.85%, dry basis (d.b.), were used. One portion of the grains was used to obtain desorption isotherms, while the other was subjected to drying until the moisture content of 5.26% (d.b.), so that it was subjected to the adsorption. For the induction of damage, a Stein Breakage Tester was used. To obtain the equilibrium moisture content, grains were placed in a climatic chamber at 20, 30, 40 and 50 ± 1 °C combined with relative humidity of 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 ± 3%. The GAB model fitted well to the equilibrium moisture experimental data of damaged grains and control. With increasing temperature, the monolayer moisture contents decreased in adsorption and desorption processes, ranging from 9.84 to 5.10% d.b. The lower moisture content in the monolayer in damaged grains indicates that lower moisture content is necessary to ensure their conservation.Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, modelar a cinética de sorção de água de grãos de feijão danificado. Foram utilizados grãos com teor de água inicial de 53,85% base seca (bs). Parte dos grãos foi utilizada para se obter as isotermas de dessorção enquanto outra foi submetida à secagem até o teor de água de 5,26% (bs), para que a mesma fosse submetida à adsorção. Para a indução da danificação foi utilizado um Stein Breakage Tester. Visando obter o teor de água de equilíbrio, os grãos foram colocados em câmara climática cujas temperaturas foram de 20, 30, 40 e 50 ± 1 ºC combinadas com umidades relativas de 30, 40, 50, 70 e 90 ± 3%. O modelo de GAB ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais de equilíbrio higroscópico de grãos danificados e testemunha. Com o aumento de temperatura os valores do teor de água da monocamada diminuíram para processos de adsorção e dessorção variando entre 9,84 a 5,10% b.s. O menor teor de água da monocamada nos grãos danificados indica que é necessário menor teor de água para garantir sua conservação

Moisture sorption isotherms of quinoa seeds: thermodynamic analysis

The present research aimed to study the water sorption behavior of quinoa seeds analyzing the hysteresis phenomenon and determining thermodynamic properties. Static gravimetric technique was used to obtain the equilibrium moisture content of quinoa seeds in different temperature conditions (15, 25, 35 e 50 °C) and relative humidity (between 11 and 96%). Equilibrium moisture content data were adjusted by eight mathematical models and the Modified Halsey model was the best one to describe the water sorption phenomena of quinoa seeds. Hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content of quinoa seeds is directly proportional to the water activity and decreases with increasing temperature. The hysteresis phenomena were observed throughout the range of water activity, showing more evident at low temperatures. Integral isosteric heat and differential entropy decreased with the increase of equilibrium moisture content. Gibbs free energy decreased with the increase of temperature and equilibrium moisture content. Compensation enthalpy-entropy theory was confirmed and the sorption mechanism is controlled by enthalpy

Thermodynamic properties of sorption of rice in the husk

This study aimed to determine the thermodynamic properties of sorption processes (desorption and adsorption) of rice in the husk, cv. Urucuia. A static-gravimetric method was used to reach equilibrium moisture content at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 °C ± 1°C) and relative humidity levels (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 % ± 2%). A decrease in moisture content led to an increment of the integral isosteric heat of sorption, indicating a higher demand for energy to remove moisture from the product. Differential entropy of sorption decreased along with a moisture content increment, with higher values for desorption. This indicates a higher mobility of water molecules during desorption if compared to adsorption. Gibbs free energy decreased with increasing temperature in both processes, with positive values for desorption (endothermic process), and negative for adsorption (exothermic process). The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory is valid for both sorption phenomena (desorption and adsorption) of rice in the husk, being both processes enthalpy controlled

Modelagem matemática da secagem de espuma de graviola

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, propor e ajustar modelos matemáticos ao processo de secagem de espuma de graviola em diferentes condições de ar, determinar o coeficiente de difusão efetivo e obter a energia de ativação. Para a formação da espuma foi adicionada, à polpa, albumina, na concentração de 7,43% em massa e submetida à agitação em batedeira doméstica, durante 15 min; em seguida, esta foi espalhada sobre bandejas formando uma camada fina de cerca de 5,0 mm de espessura cujas condições de secagem foram: de 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C, 5,6 m s-1 e 60%. O modelo para determinar o binômio teor de água crítico e tempo crítico e o de Midili se ajustaram bem aos dados experimentais da secagem de espuma de graviola e se obteve acréscimo no coeficiente de difusão efetiva com a elevação da temperatura de secagem e energia de ativação de 33,10 kJ mol-1

Kinetics of water sorption of damaged bean grains: Thermodynamic properties

This study aims to determine the thermodynamic properties of damaged beans. Grains with initial moisture content of 53.85% (d.b.) were used. A part of the grains was used to obtain the desorption isotherms, while another part was subjected to drying until a moisture content of 5.26% (d.b.) was achieved; therefore, it was subjected to the adsorption process. To induce damage, a Stein breakage tester was used. To obtain the equilibrium moisture content, grains were placed in a climatic chamber whose temperatures were 20, 30, 40, and 50 ± 1 °C combined with a relative humidity of 30, 40, 50, 70, and 90 ± 3%. Although in the desorption process, damaged grains had a lower differential enthalpy compared with the control, the reverse behavior was observed in the adsorption process. Mechanical damage caused the formation of a greater number of available adsorption sites, resulting in higher differential entropy values in adsorption and lower values in desorption compared with the control. The mechanical damage had no effect on the Gibbs free energy.Objetivou-se determinar as propriedades termodinâmicas de grãos de feijão danificados. Foram utilizados grãos com teor de água inicial de 53,85% (b.s.); parte dos grãos foi utilizada para se obter as isotermas de dessorção, enquanto que a outra foi submetida a secagem até o teor de água de 5,26% (b.s.), para que a mesma fosse submetida ao processo de adsorção. Para a indução da danificação foi utilizado um Stein Breakage Tester. Para obter o teor de água de equilíbrio, os grãos foram colocados em câmara climática cujas temperaturas foram de 20, 30, 40 e 50 ± 1 ºC combinadas com umidades relativas de 30, 40, 50, 70 e 90 ± 3%. Na dessorção, os grãos danificados apresentaram menor entalpia diferencial quando comparados com a testemunha enquanto o inverso foi observado na adsorção. A danificação mecânica provocou a formação de um número maior de sítios disponíveis de sorção, resultando em maiores valores de entropia diferencial na adsorção e menores valores na dessorção quando comparados com a testemunha. A danificação mecânica não teve efeito sobre a energia livre de Gibbs

Desorption isotherms of Lactuca sativa seeds

Lactuca sativa seeds are highly sensitive to climate conditions; thus, they should be stored securely to maintain their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Studies on hygroscopicity aim to decrease possible changes in agricultural products under specific environmental conditions. Accordingly, this study aims to develop an appropriate mathematical model to represent the desorption isotherms of Lactuca sativa seeds. The hygroscopic equilibrium was achieved using a static-gravimetric method at temperatures of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C and water activity in the range 0.11-0.96. Six mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data of the equilibrium moisture content of Lactuca sativa seeds. The best model was chosen based on the determination coefficient (R 2 ), magnitude of mean relative error (MRE), standard deviation of the estimate (SDE), and analysis of residue distribution. The modified Oswin model best represented the hygroscopicity of the Lactuca sativa seeds, with values of 8.02% and 0.55 for the MRE and SDE, respectively; moreover, the residual values were randomly distributed. The shape of the isotherms of the Lactuca sativa seeds estimated using the modified Oswin model is sigmoidal, which is characteristic of a type II curve.Sementes de Lactuca sativa são altamente sensíveis às condições edafoclimáticas; portanto, faz-se necessário armazená-las de forma segura e racional, a fim de manter suas características qualitativas e quantitativas. Estudos sobre a higroscopicidade têm a finalidade de amenizar possíveis alterações nos produtos agrícolas em determinadas condições climáticas. Dito isto, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar o modelo matemático mais adequado para predizer as isotermas de dessorção de sementes de Lactuca sativa. O equilíbrio higroscópico foi alcançado por meio do método estático-gravimétrico, nas temperaturas de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 °C e atividade de água entre 0,11 e 0,96. Seis modelos matemáticos foram ajustados aos dados experimentais do teor de água de equilíbrio das sementes de Lactuca sativa. O modelo mais adequado foi escolhido considerando-se o coeficiente de determinação (R 2 ), magnitude do erro médio relativo (MRE), desvio padrão da estimativa (SE) e análise de distribuição de resíduos. O modelo de Oswin Modificado foi o que melhor representou a higroscopicidade de sementes de Lactuca sativa, apresentando valores de 8,02% e 0,55 de MRE e SE, respectivamente, e distribuição aleatória dos resíduos. As curvas isotérmicas de sementes de Lactuca sativa estimadas pelo modelo Oswin Modificado apresentaram formato sigmoidal, característica de curva do tipo II

Water sorption kinetics of damaged beans: GAB model

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to model the water sorption kinetics of damaged beans. Grains with initial moisture content of 53.85%, dry basis (d.b.), were used. One portion of the grains was used to obtain desorption isotherms, while the other was subjected to drying until the moisture content of 5.26% (d.b.), so that it was subjected to the adsorption. For the induction of damage, a Stein Breakage Tester was used. To obtain the equilibrium moisture content, grains were placed in a climatic chamber at 20, 30, 40 and 50 ± 1 °C combined with relative humidity of 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 ± 3%. The GAB model fitted well to the equilibrium moisture experimental data of damaged grains and control. With increasing temperature, the monolayer moisture contents decreased in adsorption and desorption processes, ranging from 9.84 to 5.10% d.b. The lower moisture content in the monolayer in damaged grains indicates that lower moisture content is necessary to ensure their conservation

Mathematical modeling and determination of thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel during the drying process

ABSTRACT Jabuticaba is a fruit native of Brazil and, besides containing many nutritional qualities, it also has a good field for use in products such as flour for cakes and biscuits, juice, liqueur, jelly and others. This study aimed to model the drying kinetics and determine the thermodynamic properties of jabuticaba peel at different drying air temperatures. Ripe fruits of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) were collected and pulped manually. Drying was carried out in a forced-air circulation oven with a flow of 5.6 m s-1 at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Six mathematical models commonly used to represent the drying process of agricultural products were fitted to the experimental data. The Arrhenius model was used to represent the drying constant as a function of temperature. The Midilli model showed the best fit to the experimental data of drying. The drying constant increased with the increment in drying temperature and promoted an activation energy of 37.29 kJ mol-1. Enthalpy and Gibbs free energy decreased with the increase in drying temperature, while entropy decreased and was negative