Use of Visible and Short-Wave Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging to Fingerprint Anthocyanins in Intact Grape Berries

In red grape berries, anthocyanins account for about 50% of the skin phenols and are responsible for the final wine color. Individual anthocyanin levels and compositional profiles vary with cultivar, maturity, season, region, and yield and have been proposed as chemical markers to differentiate wines and to provide valuable information regarding the adulteration of musts and wines. A fast, easy, solvent-free, nondestructive method based on visible, short-wave, and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in intact grape berries to fingerprint the color pigments in eight different grape varieties was developed and tested against HPLC. Predictive models based on modified partial least-squares (MPLS) were built for 14 individual anthocyanins with coefficients of determination of cross-validation (R2 CV) ranging from 0.70 to 0.93. For the grouping of total and nonacylated anthocyanins, external validation was conducted with coefficient of determination of prediction (R2 P) of 0.86. HSI could potentially become an alternative to HPLC with reduced analysis time and labor costs while providing reliable and robust information on the anthocyanin composition of grape berries. © 2016 American Chemical Society

Three-dimensional volume rendering in computed tomography for evaluation of the temporomandibular joint in dogs

Based on computed tomography (CT) images, volume rendering was used to obtain a three-dimensional representation of data (3DVR). The aims of this study included: describing the bone anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of dogs; comparing the TMJs of each dog by skull type and age; comparing 3DVR images with three-standard-plane CTs; assessing soft tissues adjacent to the TMJ and assessing pathological cases. Multidetector computed tomography scans of bilateral TMJs of 410 dogs were observed. From a ventral view, slight displacements in the positions of the skulls were seen, whereas from a caudal view, differences in amplitude of the articular space were observed. Dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs showed more similar TMJ features than brachycephalic dogs. The shape of the TMJ bones were irregular in dogs under 1 year old. The 3DVR images related to the three-standard-plane CT improved the overall comprehension of the changes in the articular space amplitude and condylar process morphology. The fovea pterygoidea, mandibular fossa and retroarticular process were perfectly shown. A better spatial situation of adjacent soft tissues was obtained. The 3DVR represents an ancillary method to the standard-plane CT that could help in the understanding of the anatomy and diagnoses of different pathologies of the TMJ in dogs

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

On-the-go thermal imaging for water status assessment in commercial vineyards

The goal of this work was the assessment of commercial vineyard water status using on-the-go thermal imaging. On-the-go thermal imaging acquisition was conducted with a thermal camera operating at 1.20 m distance from the canopy, mounted on a quad moving at 5 km/h. Canopy temperature, cross water stress index (CWSI) and stomatal conductance index (Ig) were strongly and significantly correlated to stem water potential (stem) in east and west side of the canopy. For CWSI, the values of the coefficient of determination (R2) were 0.88*** and 0.73*** for east and west sides, respectively. As regards the index Ig, its relationships with stem showed R2=0.89*** and R2=0.77*** for east and west sides, respectively. These results are promising and evidence the potential of on-the-go thermal imaging to become a new tool to evaluate the vineyard water status

In field quantification and discrimination of different vineyard water regimes by on-the-go NIR spectroscopy

Precise and rapid methods to assess plant water status are needed in agriculture. The goal of this work was to evaluate the capability of a new plant-based method based on proximal near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy acquired on-the-go from a moving vehicle to quantify and discriminate different water regimes in a commercial vineyard. Proximal on-the-go NIR spectroscopy (11002100 nm) was acquired at solar noon on five days from veraison (onset of ripening) to harvest 2015 in a commercial Tempranillo vineyard. Spectral measurements were taken at 0.30 m from the canopy, on both canopy sides, from a vehicle moving at 5 km h1. Measurements of midday stem water potential (s) and leaf stomatal conductance (gs) were simultaneously acquired to be used as reference indicators of plant water status. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to build calibration, cross validation and predictive models for s and gs. The determination coefficients of prediction (R2 p) were above 0.86 for s and above 0.66 for gs while the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were less than 0.18 MPa and 93.7 mmol [H2O] m2 s1, respectively. PLS-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to classify the data into three different water regimes, according to s or gs. The average correctly classified percentage was greater than 72% for s and gs. This discriminant capability, together with the large number of measurements that the on-the-go NIR spectroscopy can provide, enables the quantification and mapping of the variability of a vineyard water status and may help to define precise irrigation strategies in viticulture. © 2017 IAgr

Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering in Computed Tomography for Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint in Dogs

2022 Descuento MDPIBased on computed tomography (CT) images, volume rendering was used to obtain a three-dimensional representation of data (3DVR). The aims of this study included: describing the bone anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of dogs; comparing the TMJs of each dog by skull type and age; comparing 3DVR images with three-standard-plane CTs; assessing soft tissues adjacent to the TMJ and assessing pathological cases. Multidetector computed tomography scans of bilateral TMJs of 410 dogs were observed. From a ventral view, slight displacements in the positions of the skulls were seen, whereas from a caudal view, differences in amplitude of the articular space were observed. Dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs showed more similar TMJ features than brachycephalic dogs. The shape of the TMJ bones were irregular in dogs under 1 year old. The 3DVR images related to the three-standard-plane CT improved the overall comprehension of the changes in the articular space amplitude and condylar process morphology. The fovea pterygoidea, mandibular fossa and retroarticular process were perfectly shown. A better spatial situation of adjacent soft tissues was obtained. The 3DVR represents an ancillary method to the standard-plane CT that could help in the understanding of the anatomy and diagnoses of different pathologies of the TMJ in dogs.Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía AnimalFac. de VeterinariaTRUEpubDescuento UC

Análisis de la situación escolar en Vizcaya, curso 1979-80

Estudiar la situación escolar en Vizcaya, durante el curso 1979-80. Observar y analizar la situación educativa en Vizcaya, a través de datos referentes al número de alumnos, número de repetidores, número de retrasados, tasas, alumnos por nivel, número de unidades, tipos de centro, y diferencias entre la enseñanza pública y privada. La situación escolar en Vizcaya. Método descriptivo, que pretende obtener datos de la escolarización en Vizcaya y analizarlos en función de estas variables: sexo, edad tipo de centro: público, privado, seglar, religioso, Ikastola, número de retrasados y repetidores. Siendo la variable tipo de centro la que funciona predominantemente como independiente. La recogida de datos se realizó en la Delegación de Educación y Ciencia y en la Diputación del Señorío de Vizcaya. Reseña consultiva a documentos de la FERE. Reseña consultiva a la Federación de Ikastolas de Vizcaya. Estudio del Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad del País Vasco: 'Elementos para la planificación de las Enseñanzas Universitarias en el distrito universitario vasco'. Elaboración de un conjunto sistemático de cuadros. Elaboración de series cronológicas. Elaboración de una pirámide de edades. Porcentajes. Mientras la enseñanza pública es minoritaria en BUP y COU en cuanto al número de centros, contrariamente es mayoritaria en cuanto al número de unidades. La enseñanza privada está más masificada en general; así en EGB, mientras ésta tiene una media de 35,6 alumnos por unidad, la pública tiene una media de 28,9. Las tasas más bajas de escolarización se dan a partir de los 11 años, que corresponden teóricamente a la segunda etapa de EGB, y es en estos cursos donde se puede repetir. El índice de retraso escolar a partir de esta edad se sitúa hacia el 20 por ciento. La relación de alumno por profesor en la FP en general es de 15, y en la enseñanza religiosa es de 18. Durante el curso académico de 1979-80 existían en Vizcaya 462 centros de EGB, de los cuales 289 pertenecían al Estado y 173 estaban en manos de la iniciativa privada. De éstos últimos un total de 79 dependían de Instituciones religiosas, mientras que la iniciativa seglar contaba con 66 centros y las Ikastolas con 28. En los niveles de BUP y COU, nos encontramos con un total de 78 centros; de éstos, 32 corresponden a la enseñanza pública, y los 46 restantes a la privada. 29 centros privados son llevados por instituciones religiosas, 15 por seglares y 2 por Ikastolas. La FP cuenta con 86 centros, de los que 70 tienen carácter privado, siendo los 16 restantes de iniciativa pública. De los centros privados 31 dependen de seglares y 39 lo hacen de religiosos.País VascoES

Prospects of thermal imaging as a non-invasive tool to assess water status for irrigation scheduling in commercial vineyards

Trabajo presentado en el XIII International Terroir Congress, celebrado de forma virtual los días 17 y 18 de noviembre de 202

Vineyard water status assessment using on-the-go thermal imaging and machine learning

The high impact of irrigation in crop quality and yield in grapevine makes the development of plant water status monitoring systems an essential issue in the context of sustainable viticulture. This study presents an on-the-go approach for the estimation of vineyard water status using thermal imaging and machine learning. The experiments were conducted during seven different weeks from July to September in season 2016. A thermal camera was embedded on an all-terrain vehicle moving at 5 km/h to take on-the-go thermal images of the vineyard canopy at 1.2 m of distance and 1.0 m from the ground. The two sides of the canopy were measured for the development of side-specific and global models. Stem water potential was acquired and used as reference method. Additionally, reference temperatures Tdry and Twet were determined for the calculation of two thermal indices: the crop water stress index (CWSI) and the Jones index (Ig). Prediction models were built with and without considering the reference temperatures as input of the training algorithms. When using the reference temperatures, the best models casted determination coefficients R2 of 0.61 and 0.58 for cross validation and prediction (RMSE values of 0.190 MPa and 0.204 MPa), respectively. Nevertheless, when the reference temperatures were not considered in the training of the models, their performance statistics responded in the same way, returning R2 values up to 0.62 and 0.65 for cross validation and prediction (RMSE values of 0.190 MPa and 0.184 MPa), respectively. The outcomes provided by the machine learning algorithms support the use of thermal imaging for fast, reliable estimation of a vineyard water status, even suppressing the necessity of supervised acquisition of reference temperatures. The new developed on-the-go method can be very useful in the grape and wine industry for assessing and mapping vineyard water status. Copyright: © 2018 Gutiérrez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Support vector machine and artificial neural network models for the classification of grapevine varieties using a portable NIR spectrophotometer

The identification of different grapevine varieties, currently attended using visual ampelometry, DNA analysis and very recently, by hyperspectral analysis under laboratory conditions, is an issue of great importance in the wine industry. This work presents support vector machine and artificial neural network's modelling for grapevine varietal classification from in-field leaf spectroscopy. Modelling was attempted at two scales: site-specific and a global scale. Spectral measurements were obtained on the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range between 1600 to 2400 nm under field conditions in a non-destructive way using a portable spectrophotometer. For the site specific approach, spectra were collected from the adaxial side of 400 individual leaves of 20 grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties one week after veraison. For the global model, two additional sets of spectra were collected one week before harvest from two different vineyards in another vintage, each one consisting on 48 measurement from individual leaves of six varieties. Several combinations of spectra scatter correction and smoothing filtering were studied. For the training of the models, support vector machines and artificial neural networks were employed using the pre-processed spectra as input and the varieties as the classes of the models. The results from the pre-processing study showed that there was no influence whether using scatter correction or not. Also, a second-degree derivative with a window size of 5 Savitzky-Golay filtering yielded the highest outcomes. For the site-specific model, with 20 classes, the best results from the classifiers thrown an overall score of 87.25% of correctly classified samples. These results were compared under the same conditions with a model trained using partial least squares discriminant analysis, which showed a worse performance in every case. For the global model, a 6-class dataset involving samples from three different vineyards, two years and leaves monitored at post-veraison and harvest was also built up, reaching a 77.08% of correctly classified samples. The outcomes obtained demonstrate the capability of using a reliable method for fast, in-field, non-destructive grapevine varietal classification that could be very useful in viticulture and wine industry, either global or site-specific. © 2015 Gutiérrez et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited