Dung beetle brood balls from Pleistocene highland palaeosols of Andean Ecuador: A reassessment of Sauer's Coprinisphaera and their palaeoenvironments

Independently, Roselli (1939) and Sauer (1955) described and named similar fossil brood balls from the Paleogene of Uruguay (Devincenzia murguiai) and from the Quaternary of Ecuador (Coprinisphaera ecuadoriensis), respective- ly. In their contributions, they illustrated and described fossil brood balls characterized by the presence of a medium-sized hole piercing the wall of spherical to sub-spherical chambers. Newly collected brood balls from palaeosols of the Cangahua Formation (Ecuador), and other previously deposited in ichnological collections from Ecuador, Uruguay, and Argentina, including type material, were revised to update Coprinisphaera ichnotaxonomy. Coprinisphaera ecuadoriensis Sauer (1955) is a subjective junior synonym of Coprinisphaera murguiai (Roselli, 1939). Coprinisphaera murguiai sensu Laza, 2006 (non Roselli, 1939) is in turn a new ichnospecies named herein Coprinisphaera lazai isp. n. Additionally, a new ichnospecies, named herein as Coprinisphaera kitu isp. n.., was found in the Cangahua Formation. It is represented by a spherical to sub-spherical chamber having a discrete wall, with a crown composed of a hemispherical structure on one pole. The statistical analysis of the size of the two ichnospecies found in the Cangahua Formation suggests that C. kitu and C. murguiai may represent two stages (closed and emerged balls, respectively) of a unique original morphology (C. kitu) and producer. There are no extant dung beetle species that construct brood balls with a morphology similar to that of C. kitu. The producer of C. kitu would be the recently described fossil Phanaeini, Phanaeus violetae. Phytoliths extracted from infillings of closed C. kitu revealed that Poaceae were mostly included in the diet of the herbivores that produced the dung. Considering the vertebate fossil record for the Pleistocene Cangahua Formation, ground sloths, mastodons, and horses could have been the dung providers. The record of Tombownichnus plenus, Lazaichnus fistulosus, and Castrichnus incolumis suggests the presence of cleptoparasites and detritivores in the dung community. Cangahua sediments accumulated in a volcaniclastic, intermontane setting located at 2500–2900 m.a.s.l. and under fluctuat- ing syneruptive conditions. Changes in facies associations and palaeosol types enable to distinguish three stages in evolution of sedimentation and landscapes. Calcic Andisols, andic Aridisols, and andic Mollisols, in the upper section, are the pedotypes that more commonly include Coprinisphaera. The intravolcanic environments where dung beetles, and probably large herbivores, better developed were temperate, seasonal, semiarid to subhumid, grasslands and wooded grasslands. They were covered by ashfalls reworked by wind and minor volcaniclastic flows.Fil: Sánchez, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Genise, Jorge Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Bellosi, Eduardo Sergio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Román Carrión, Jose Luis. Museo de Historia Natural "Gustavo Orcés V."; EcuadorFil: Cantil, Liliana Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin

One, two, three phytoliths: assessing the minimum phytolith sum for archaeological studies

The number of phytolith studies has increased steadily in the last decades in palaeoecological as well as archaeological research, and phytolith analysis is currently recognised as a proper area of expertise within archaeobotany. This has led towards a strengthening in the standardisation of the different steps involved in analysis; e.g. sampling strategies, laboratory extraction or processing of plant material/soils for the creation of reference collections. In spite of this, counting procedures remain one of the areas that could be further developed. The aim of this paper is to assess representativeness of phytolith count size in archaeological samples and specifically to assess whether an increase in total number of individuals counted influences the number or distribution of morphotypes observed. Two statistical tests are performed to evaluate the representativeness of count size: phytolith sum variability analysis (PSVA) and morphotype accumulation curve (MAC). The analyses show the relationship among the number of counted phytoliths, the variability (that is, the number of different morphotypes identified) and the stabilisations of the MACs. Results allow us to support the standard count size in phytolith studies, which ranges from 250 to 300 particles. Together with a quick scan, this strategy should produce a precise and clear phytolith assemblage for archaeological studies.The author would like to acknowledge the directors of both sites El Mirón (L. Straus and M. González Morales) and La Bauma del Serrat del Pont (M. Saña and G. Alcalde) for their essential collaboration as well as to J. Elvira (Institute of Soil Science, Spanish National Research Council ICTJA-CSIC) for running the X-ray diffraction analyses.Peer reviewe