Performance of AAOmega: the AAT multi-purpose fibre-fed spectrograph

AAOmega is the new spectrograph for the 2dF fibre-positioning system on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. It is a bench-mounted, double-beamed design, using volume phase holographic (VPH) gratings and articulating cameras. It is fed by 392 fibres from either of the two 2dF field plates, or by the 512 fibre SPIRAL integral field unit (IFU) at Cassegrain focus. Wavelength coverage is 370 to 950nm and spectral resolution 1,000-8,000 in multi-Object mode, or 1,500-10,000 in IFU mode. Multi-object mode was commissioned in January 2006 and the IFU system will be commissioned in June 2006. The spectrograph is located off the telescope in a thermally isolated room and the 2dF fibres have been replaced by new 38m broadband fibres. Despite the increased fibre length, we have achieved a large increase in throughput by use of VPH gratings, more efficient coatings and new detectors - amounting to a factor of at least 2 in the red. The number of spectral resolution elements and the maximum resolution are both more than doubled, and the stability is an order of magnitude better. The spectrograph comprises: an f/3.15 Schmidt collimator, incorporating a dichroic beam-splitter; interchangeable VPH gratings; and articulating red and blue f/1.3 Schmidt cameras. Pupil size is 190mm, determined by the competing demands of cost, obstruction losses, and maximum resolution. A full suite of VPH gratings has been provided to cover resolutions 1,000 to 7,500, and up to 10,000 at particular wavelengths.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures; presented at SPIE, Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, 24 - 31 May 2006, Orlando, Florida US

Germanium Detector with Internal Amplification for Investigation of Rare Processes

Device of new type is suggested - germanium detector with internal amplification. Such detector having effective threshold about 10 eV opens up fresh opportunity for investigation of dark matter, measurement of neutrino magnetic moment, of neutrino coherent scattering at nuclei and for study of solar neutrino problem. Construction of germanium detector with internal amplification and perspectives of its use are described.Comment: 13 pages, latex, 3 figures, report at NANP-99, International Conference on Non-Accelerator Physics, Dubna, Russia, June 29- July 3, 1999. To be published in the Proceeding

Model for nucleation in GaAs homoepitaxy derived from first principles

The initial steps of MBE growth of GaAs on beta 2-reconstructed GaAs(001) are investigated by performing total energy and electronic structure calculations using density functional theory and a repeated slab model of the surface. We study the interaction and clustering of adsorbed Ga atoms and the adsorption of As_2 molecules onto Ga atom clusters adsorbed on the surface. The stable nuclei consist of bound pairs of Ga adatoms, which originate either from dimerization or from an indirect interaction mediated through the substrate reconstruction. As_2 adsorption is found to be strongly exothermic on sites with a square array of four Ga dangling bonds. Comparing two scenarios where the first As_2 gets incorporated in the incomplete surface layer, or alternatively in a new added layer, we find the first scenario to be preferable. In summary, the calculations suggest that nucleation of a new atomic layer is most likely on top of those surface regions where a partial filling of trenches in the surface has occurred before.Comment: 8 pages, 14 figures, Submitted to Phys. Rev. B (December 15, 1998). Other related publications can be found at http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm

The Interaction of Hypotaurine and Other Sulfinates with Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species:A Survey of Reaction Mechanisms

Considerable strides have been made in understanding the oxidative mechanisms involved in the final steps of the cysteine pathway leading to taurine. The oxidation of sulfinates, hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid, to the respective sulfonates, taurine and cysteic acid, has never been associated with any specific enzyme. Conversely, there is strong evidence that in vivo formation of taurine and cysteic acid is the result of sulfinate interaction with a variety of biologically relevant oxidants. In the last decade, many experiments have been performed to understand whether peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion could be included in the biologically relevant reactive species capable of oxidizing sulfinates. Thanks to this work, it has been possible to highlight two possible reaction mechanisms (direct and indirect reaction) of sulfinates with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.The sulfinates oxidation, mediated by peroxynitrite, is an example of both reaction mechanisms: through a two-electron-direct-reaction with peroxynitrite or through a one-electron-indirect-transfer reaction. In the indirect mechanism, the peroxynitrite homolysis releases hydroxyl and nitrogen dioxide radical and in addition the degradation of short-lived adduct formed by peroxynitrite and CO2 can generate carbonate radical anion. The reaction of hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid with peroxynitrite-derived radicals is accompanied by extensive oxygen uptake with the generation of transient intermediates, which can begin a reaction by an oxygen-dependent mechanism with the sulfonates, taurine, and cysteic acid as final products. Due to pulse radiolysis studies, it has been shown that transient sulfonyl radicals (RSO2(•)) have been produced during the oxidation of both sulfinates by one-electron transfer reaction.The purpose is to analyze all the aspects of the reactive mechanism in the sulfinic group oxidation of hypotaurine and cysteine sulfinic acid through the results obtained from our laboratory in recent years

PENEMPELAN KERANG Septifer bilocularis PADA SUBSTRAT DALAM AGREGASI KERANG DI DAERAH PASANG SURUT PESISIR TIWOHO

  Research of mussel attachment, Septiver billocularis was carried out on the intertidal zone of coastal Tiwoho, north Sulawesi. The objectives of this study were 1) to identify type of substrates (organic and inorganic) to be attached by box mussel Septifer bilocularis, 2) to identify substrate preferences of Septifer bilocularis settlement. 3) to know the favorite position of settlement in mussel aggregation. The PVC plate has 16 holes, each with diameter of 1.8 cm, which had been filled randomly with organic substrate of coconut fibers and palm fibers, and mussel shell with byssus threads, then inorganic with plastic rope. Each substrate had 4 replicates. The PVC plate, four replications, each was placed at edge and middle of large aggregation, the PVC plate with substrates was also placed in isolated aggregation. All PVC plates were placed in intertidal Tiwoho for 1.5 months. The settlement data were analyzed using a Two-Way ANOVA with substrata and position in patch as the main factor. Before running the test, data were transformed using arcsin. The results showed that the settlement of box mussel (< 1 mm) attached to organic substrata such as coconut and palm fibers, as well as inorganic substrates, plastic rope. Settlement of box mussels on shells with byssus threads had sizes ranging from > 1 mm to - < 3 mm. A Two-way ANOVA test shows that settlement was not affected by substrata (P > 0.05), the settlement of box mussel was affected by position in aggregation (P < 0.05). Factors such as the effect of physical, chemical, and biological on box mussel settlement are discussed. Keywords: Aggregation, Attachment, Shellfish, Substrate, Tiwoho Coast ABSTRAK `           Penelitian penempelan kerang Septiver bilocularis pada substrat telah dilakukan di zona intertidal di pesisir Tiwoho, Sulawesi Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis substrat organik dan non organik yang menjadi substrat penempelan kerang Septifer bilocularis, 2) untuk mengidentifikasi substrat preferensi (favorit) pada penempelan kerang Septifer bilocularis. 3) untuk mengetahui posisi favorit penempelan dalam agregasi kerang. Plat PVC memiliki 16 lubang dengan diameter masing-masing 1,8 cm yang telah diisi secara acak dengan substrat organik serabut kelapa, serabut pohon seho, dan cangkan dengan byssus, serta substrat inorganik tali plastic. Setiap substrat memiliki 4 ulangan. Plat PVC dengan substrat ditempatkan di posisi pinggir dan tengah agregasi besar, serta agregasi kecil. Penempatan plat PVC dilakukan secara terpisah (4 kali ulangan) baik di posisi pinggir dan tengah untuk agregasi besar, serta 4 ulangan secara terpisah untuk masing- masing agregasi kecil. Semua plat PVC ditempatkan di intertidal Tiwoho selama 1,5 bulan. Data penempelan kerang dianalisa dengan menggunakan 2 Arah-ANOVA dengan substrat dan posisi dalam agregasi sebagai faktor utama. Sebelum menjalankan pengujian, data ditransformasikan menggunakan arcsinh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penempelan larva kerang yang menempel pada substrat organik, yaitu serabut kelapa dan seho, serta inorganic tali plastic memiliki ukuran < 1 mm, serta substrat organik cangkang induk dengan byssus, yang memiliki ukuran antara > 1 mm sampai - < 3 mm. Uji ANOVA dua arah menunjukkan bahwa penempelan tidak dipengaruhi oleh substrat (P > 0,05), penempelan kerang dipengaruhi oleh posisi dalam agregasi (P < 0,05). Faktor-faktor seperti fisik, kimia, dan biologis yang mempengaruhi penempelan kerang kotak dibahas dalam diskusi. Kata kunci: Agregasi, Penempelan, Kerang, Substrat, Pesisir Tiwoh

Optically-stimulated desorption of 'hot' excimers from pre-irradiated Ar solids

Electronically-induced desorption from solid Ar pre-irradiated by a low-energy electron beam was investigated by activation spectroscopy methods - photon-stimulated exoelectron emission and photon-stimulated luminescence in combination with spectrally-resolved measurements in the VUV range of the spectrum. Desorption of vibrationally excited argon molecules Ar2^*(v) from the surface of pre-irradiated solid Ar was observed for the first time. It was shown that desorption of 'hot' Ar2^*(v) molecules is caused by recombination of self-trapped holes with electrons released from traps by visible range photons. The possibility of optical stimulation of the phenomenon is evidenced.Comment: The complete version of the paper will be published in Fiz. Nizk. Temp. (Low Temp. Phys.

Comparison of Real-time PCR to ELISA for the detection of human cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant patients in the Sudan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This study was carried out to detect human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IgG and IgM antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in renal transplant patients in Khartoum state, Sudan and to improve the diagnosis of HCMV through the introduction of Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing. A total of 98 plasma samples were collected randomly from renal transplant patients at Ibin Sina Hospital and Salma Centre for Transplantation and Haemodialysis during the period from August to September 2006.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the 98 renal transplant patients, 65 were males and 33 females. The results revealed that HCMV IgG was present in all patients' plasma 98/98 (100%), while only 6/98 (6.1%) had IgM antibodies in their plasma. HCMV DNA viral loads were detected in 32 patients 32/98 (32.7%) using Real-time PCR.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The HCMV IgG results indicate a high prevalence of past HCMV infection in all tested groups, while the finding of IgM may reflect a recent infection or reactivation. HCMV detection by real-time PCR in the present study indicated a high prevalence among renal transplant patients in Khartoum. In conclusion, the prevalence of HCMV in Khartoum State was documented through detection of HCMV-specific antibodies. Further study using various diagnostic methods should be considered to determine the prevalence of HCMV disease at the national level.</p