World on the Road to 100% Renewable Energy

In the study, the current and future status of renewable energy resources were compiled in the light of large databases of national and international renewable energy institutions, and the latest situation in the world in the transition to 100% renewable energy was examined. The extent of the goal for the transition to 100% renewable energy has been determined, and predictions have been made based on all this information. In today’s world where energy and environmental problems are on the agenda, countries’ transition to renewable energy is the primary solution. This goal is called the transition to 100% renewable energy, which brings advantages such as providing needed energy and producing clean energy. Today, renewable energy sources account for more than one-third of the global energy capacity, and the world is rapidly moving towards 100% renewable energy. Compared with 2017, the total amount of renewable energy in 2018 increased by 181 GW, and the number of countries with an increase in the proportion of renewable energy increased. Taking into account the external dependence of the use of fossil fuels and environmental issues, this development is at a promising level in the future. In order to shift from highly polluting oil resources to natural gas and renewable resources, this article aims to investigate the current global energy transition trends, and then propose some important strategies to get closer to upstream goals and obligations in this way.Citation: Norouzi, N., and Fani, M. (2021). World on the Road to 100% Renewable Energy. Trends in Renewable Energy, 7, 114-126. DOI: 10.17737/tre.2021.7.1.0013

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK AIR DAUN BINAHONG (Andredera cordifolia(Ten.)Steenis) TERHADAP LARVA UDANG (Artemia salina Leach) DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALLY TEST (BSLT)

Andredera leaves are potential medicinal plants that can overcome various types of diseases. The benefits of this plant are very large in the world of empirical medicine. This research was conducted with the aim to determine the level of toxicity of andredera leaf extract with extracts using water solvent (H2O) and to find out at what concentrations Andredera leaf water extract can provide toxic effects. The research was carried out by extracting samples with a solvent of dried water using a freeze dryer. The obtained binahong water extract was used to test the toxicity of BSLT shrimp larvae with various concentrations of 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1200 ppm. Then the data of Artemia salina Leach's death was analyzed by probit analysis to determine the LC50 value.The results of the study showed that each concentration of Andredera leaf extract had a high level of toxicity to shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach. Shown with an LC50<1000 ppm value of 660,69 ppm. Based on the chemical content contained in Andredera leaves contained flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, terpenoid in binahong leaves showed that these compounds showed a potential bioactivity against shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leac

Intra- and Inter-week Variations of Well-Being Across a Season: A Cohort Study in Elite Youth Male Soccer Players

This study describes the weekly variations of well-being ratings relative to fatigue (wFatigue), stress (wStress), delayed-onset muscle soreness (wDOMS), sleep quality (wSleep), and Hooper questionnaire (wHQ) throughout the season. In addition, the well-being variables for the playing position in different moments of the season were discussed. Twenty-one elite young soccer players U17 took part in this study. From the beginning of the pre-season, well-being status was monitored daily by the HQ method throughout 36 weeks, including four periods: (1) pre-season, (2) early-season, (3) mid-season, and (4) end-season. Players trained at least 3 times per week throughout the season. The main outcome was that, in weeks 33 and 28, the highest [wFatigue: 15.85 +/- 3.38 arbitrary units (AU); wHQ: 48.86 +/- 9.23 AU] and the lowest (wFatigue: 5.38 +/- 1.88 AU; wHQ: 20.43 +/- 5.49 AU) wFatigue and wHQ occurred, respectively, although the lowest level of wDOMS happened in week 28 (4.86 +/- 2.15 AU), while the highest wDOMS was observed in week 5 (14.65 +/- 4.16 AU). The highest wSleep (13.00 +/- 2.12 AU) and wStress (11.65 +/- 2.92 AU) were observed in weeks 8 and 34, respectively, while the lowest wSleep (5.81 +/- 2.29 AU) and wStress (3.76 +/- 0.94 AU) were marked in week 29 coincidentally. In the HQ between every weekday, except recovery day, and the day of the match (MD), considerable highest HQ was only revealed in 2 days after MD in contrast to overall team comparison. In the present study, we observed that the well-being changes between different phases of the season as well as between weeks and days of the week with the MD are significant. These results provide a great point of view for coaches and practitioners about well-being variations over a season in elite youth soccer level. As a result, coaches will be more aware about non-functional overreaching and taking measures to prevent it

The association of innate and adaptive immunity, subclinical atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease in the Rotterdam Study: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is driven by multifaceted contributions of the immune system. However, the dysregulation of immune cells that leads to ASCVD is poorly understood. We determined the association of components of innate and adaptive immunity longitudinally with ASCVD, and assessed whether arterial calcifications play a role in this association. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Granulocyte (innate immunity) and lymphocyte (adaptive immunity) counts were determined 3 times (2002-2008, mean age 65.2 years; 2009-2013, mean age 69.0 years; and 2014-2015, mean age 78.5 years) in participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study without ASCVD at baseline. Participants were followed-up for ASCVD or death until 1 January 2015. A random sample of 2,366 underwent computed tomography at baseline to quantify arterial calcification volume in 4 vessel beds. We studied the association between immunity components with risk of ASCVD and assessed whether immunity components were related to arterial calcifications at baseline. Of 7,730 participants (59.4% women), 801 developed ASCVD during a median follow-up of 8.1 years. Having an increased granulocyte count increased ASCVD risk (adjusted hazard ratio for doubled granulocyte count [95% CI] = 1.78 [1.34-2.37], P < 0.001). Higher granulocyte counts were related to larger calcification volumes in all vessels, most prominently in the coronary arteries (mean difference in calcium volume [mm3] per SD increase in granulocyte count [95% CI] = 32.3 [9.9-54.7], P < 0.001). Respectively, the association between granulocyte count and incident coronary heart disease and stroke was partly mediated by coronary artery calcification (overall proportion mediated [95% CI] = 19.0% [-10% to 32.3%], P = 0.08) and intracranial artery calcification (14.9% [-10.9% to 19.1%], P = 0.05). A limitation of our study is that studying the etiology of ASCVD remains difficult within an epidemiological setting due to the limited availability of surrogates for innate and especially adaptive immunity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that an increased granulocyte count was associated with a higher risk of ASCVD in the general population. Moreover, higher levels of granulocytes were associated with larger volumes of arterial calcification. Arterial calcifications may explain a proportion of the link between granulocytes and ASCVD

Lifetime risk and multimorbidity of non-communicable diseases and disease-free life expectancy in the general population : a population-based cohort study

Background : Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are leading causes of premature disability and death worldwide. However, the lifetime risk of developing any NCD is unknown, as are the effects of shared common risk factors on this risk. Methods and findings : Between July 6, 1989, and January 1, 2012, we followed participants from the prospective Rotterdam Study aged 45 years and older who were free from NCDs at baseline for incident stroke, heart disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. We quantified occurrence/co-occurrence and remaining lifetime risk of any NCD in a competing risk framework. We additionally studied the lifetime risk of any NCD, age at onset, and overall life expectancy for strata of 3 shared risk factors at baseline: smoking, hypertension, and overweight. During 75,354 person-years of follow-up from a total of 9,061 participants (mean age 63.9 years, 60.1% women), 814 participants were diagnosed with stroke, 1,571 with heart disease, 625 with diabetes, 1,004 with chronic respiratory disease, 1,538 with cancer, and 1,065 with neurodegenerative disease. NCDs tended to co-occur substantially, with 1,563 participants (33.7% of those who developed any NCD) diagnosed with multiple diseases during follow-up. The lifetime risk of any NCD from the age of 45 years onwards was 94.0% (95% CI 92.9%-95.1%) for men and 92.8% (95% CI 91.8%-93.8%) for women. These risks remained high (> 90.0%) even for those without the 3 risk factors of smoking, hypertension, and overweight. Absence of smoking, hypertension, and overweight was associated with a 9.0-year delay (95% CI 6.3-11.6) in the age at onset of any NCD. Furthermore, the overall life expectancy for participants without these risk factors was 6.0 years (95% CI 5.2-6.8) longer than for those with all 3 risk factors. Participants aged 45 years and older without the 3 risk factors of smoking, hypertension, and overweight at baseline spent 21.6% of their remaining lifetime with 1 or more NCDs, compared to 31.8% of their remaining life for participants with all of these risk factors at baseline. This difference corresponds to a 2-year compression of morbidity of NCDs. Limitations of this study include potential residual confounding, unmeasured changes in risk factor profiles during follow-up, and potentially limited generalisability to different healthcare settings and populations not of European descent. Conclusions : Our study suggests that in this western European community, 9 out of 10 individuals aged 45 years and older develop an NCD during their remaining lifetime. Among those individuals who develop an NCD, at least a third are subsequently diagnosed with multiple NCDs. Absence of 3 common shared risk factors is associated with compression of morbidity of NCDs. These findings underscore the importance of avoidance of these common shared risk factors to reduce the premature morbidity and mortality attributable to NCDs

Association of Circulating Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Levels With Cardiovascular Mortality A Meta-analysis of Population-Based Studies

Importance Human genetics and studies in experimental models support a key role of monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in atherosclerosis. Yet, the associations of circulating MCP-1 levels with risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular death in the general population remain largely unexplored. Objective To explore whether circulating levels of MCP-1 are associated with risk of incident coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Data Sources and Selection Population-based cohort studies, identified through a systematic review, that have examined associations of circulating MCP-1 levels with cardiovascular end points. Data Extraction and Synthesis Using a prespecified harmonized analysis plan, study-specific summary data were obtained from Cox regression models after excluding individuals with overt cardiovascular disease at baseline. Derived hazard ratios (HRs) were synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and unstable angina), nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death (from cardiac or cerebrovascular causes). Results The meta-analysis included 7 cohort studies involving 21401 individuals (mean [SD] age, 53.7 [10.2] years;10012 men [46.8%]). Mean (SD) follow-up was 15.3 (4.5) years (326392 person-years at risk). In models adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, higher MCP-1 levels at baseline were associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (HR per 1-SD increment in MCP-1 levels: 1.06 [95% CI, 1.01-1.11];P = .01), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.01-1.13];P = .02), and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.05-1.20];P < .001). In analyses comparing MCP-1 quartiles, these associations followed dose-response patterns. After additionally adjusting for vascular risk factors, the risk estimates were attenuated, but the associations of MCP-1 levels with cardiovascular death remained statistically significant, as did the association of MCP-1 levels in the upper quartile with coronary heart disease. There was no significant heterogeneity;the results did not change in sensitivity analyses excluding events occurring in the first 5 years after MCP-1 measurement, and the risk estimates were stable after additional adjustments for circulating levels of interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Conclusions and Relevance: Higher circulating MCP-1 levels are associated with higher long-term cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling individuals free of overt cardiovascular disease. These findings provide further support for a key role of MCP-1-signaling in cardiovascular disease. Question Are circulating monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population? Findings In this meta-analysis of 7 population-based studies involving 21401 individuals who were free of overt cardiovascular disease, higher baseline circulating MCP-1 levels were associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality over a follow-up extending beyond 20 years. Meaning By complementing evidence from previous genetic and experimental studies, these results provide additional support for a key role of MCP-1 in cardiovascular disease development. This meta-analysis of 7 population-based cohort studies assesses the association between circulating monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 levels and risk of cardiovascular disease and death

La formation des attitudes féminines (Les enjeux des transformations du rapport mère-fille)

La transformation des attitudes féminines peut être considérée en deux dimensions : la premièrec'est la différenciation des attitudes entre les mères et leur fille et la deuxième c'est la conformité de celles-ci. Nous nous concentrons sur trois types essentiels d'attitude : professionnelle, éducative et familiale. Le fossé intergénérationnel peut être considéré en rapport avec quatre domaines sociologiques, à savoir : la mobilité sociale, le conflit social, la stratification sociale et enfin la configuration de la famille. En croisant ces quatre domaines, notre problématique va se formuler de façon suivante : pourquoi le fossé intergénérationnel mère-fille émerge-t-il et comment peut-il être développé ? L'objectif principal de cette recherche est d'établir un modèle explicatif afin d'analyser le fossé intergénérationnel entre les mères et leurs filres, un modèle capable d'interpréter l'émergence et le développement des attitudes sociales féminines. L'hypothèse générale veut proposer que-le statut social des mères (contenant la position professionnelle, scolaire et familiale) influe sur la formation des attitudes (éducatives, professionnelles et familiales) de leurs filles. Dans la direction de notre hypothèse générale et par rapport à la nature des variables, la méthode de questionnaire apparaît utile pour collecter les données nécessaires et également, la méthode d'entretien afin d'enrichir les résultatsThe transformation of women's attitudes can be considered in tw.9 dimensions : the first is the differentiation of attitudes between the mothers and their girls and the second is the conformity of these. We concentrate on three essential types of attitude : professional, educational, and family. The generation gap can be considered in relation to four sociological domains : the social mobility, the social conflict, the social stratification anda t last the configuration of the family. According to thses four domains, Our problem of research will formulate in following manner : why the mother-girl generation gap de emerge and how it can be developed ? The principal objective of this research is to establish an explanatory model in order O analyse the generation gap between the mothers and their girls, a model capable to interpret the emergence an( the development of women's social attitudes. The general hypothesis is to propose that the social status of mothers (containing the professional, educational, and family position) influence on the formation of attitudes of their girls (educaional, professional, and family). In the direction of Our general hypothesis and for the nature of variables, the questionnaire method was chosen for bring together the data and equally, the method of interview was used in order to make rich the resultsMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Students' Attitude Towards Marriage and Factors Affecting It

Introduction The aim of this research is to study female students' attitude towards marriage and factors affecting it in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Marriage is a basic institution in all societies and, which prepares the conditions for forming families and reproduction as one of most basic functions of society (Larson and Holman 1994; Higgins et al 2002). Not only does marriage have positive influences on physical and mental health of individuals, but it also plays a great role in transmitting to adulthood. As marriage is not isolated from specific conditions of time and location, it has its own characteristics in any given society (Shoa Kazemi and Harandi 2010:112). The Iranian society in recent years, along with changes in technology and relationships with other nations, has undergone many changes. Values and attitudes to the family and marriage are a part of these changes. When it come to women's role in different aspects of society, studying their values and attitudes become important. Changes in the structure of education, women's employment, improvements in their professional skills and diffusion of feminist ideas, all have led women to reflect on their traditional roles and identities. For example, they ask for equal rights in all aspects and want more freedom in mating. Materials and Methods This study is a cross-sectional survey with descriptive goals. The data was gathered by a researcher-made questionnaire from a population of 13181 female students in 2014 in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The sample includes 374 students who were selected using stratified random sampling method. Discussion of Results and Conclusions   The results of the study show that our main hypothesis, which says “there is a significant relationship between perceptions of gender role clichés and attitudes towards marriage” is confirmed. This means that people who easily internalize and accept gender role clichés have more traditional attitudes toward marriage and vice versa. Likewise, the results also show that there is a significant relationship between respondents' religious background with their attitude towards marriage. This means that those with more religiosity, hold more traditional attitudes toward marriage, and those who have lower levels of religiosity, are more likely to have a modern attitude towards marriage.   The findings also show that there is significant relationship between attitude towards marriage and the variable of cost-benefit opportunity, namely, the respondents who believe marriage is a cost-benefit exchange, have a more modern attitude towards marriage. On the contrary, those respondents who believed marriage cannot be looked at as a cost-benefit transaction, have a more traditional attitude towards marriage.   The result of multiple regression analysis show that the amount of F is equal to 357/05 and the level o the significance is 0/000. Therefore, the model in its entirety is significant. By comparing the standardized regression coefficients (Beta) outputs of the multiple regression model for, we realized that religiosity has the most powerful effect on the dependent variable. The second most powerful independent variable is the variable of cost-benefit opportunity. Both of these variables had the highest effect on attitude towards marriage in a path analysis model as well. In sum this research show that student's attitude toward marriage is more traditional, when religiosity is the strongest predictor of attitude towards marriage