Determination of Anthraquinone Content in Lac Dye Through Combined Spectrophotometry and HPCE

AbstractThis study is aim to establish the method for determination of anthraquinone content in lac dye with the combined spectrophotometry and HPCE, With the 0.5%Mg(Ac)2-CH3OH solution as the colour-developing agent, the carminic acid concentration within the concentration of 5∼50μg/mL presents a good linear relationship with the absorbance under the wavelength of 540nm (R=0.9994). Through the test, the results showed that the total anthraquinone content in lac dye was 82.13%, average recovery rate 97.80%, RSD 1.31%. Under 291nm detection wavelength and 25°C column temperature, with pH8.035 60mmol/LNa2HPO4-Na2B4O7 • 10H2O mixed buffer as background electrolyte and 60cm × 75μm uncoated capillary column as separation lanes, separation voltage 20kV, pressure 0.5psi × 10s for sample injection, the relative contents of five components laccaic acids A, B, C, D, E were measured by peak area normalization method; combined with the spectrophotometry, the contents of five anthraquinone components - laccaic acids A, B, C, D, E were determined, respectively 40.42%, 17.66%, 2.54%, 1.51%, 20.00%

3-(2-Methyl-2-nitro­prop­yl)-1H-indole

In the title compound, C12H14N2O2, the indole ring is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0136 Å. In the crystal, pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into inversion dimers.

N-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-2,2-dimethyl­propan­amide

The crystal packing in the title compound, C11H14FNO, features N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in chains of mol­ecules running parallel to the c axis. The dihedral angle between the ring and the amide group is 39.1 (3)°

Benzyl N-(4-pyrid­yl)carbamate

The title compound, C13H12N2O2, was obtained by the reaction of 4-amino­pyridine and benzyl chloro­formate in tetra­hydro­furan. The crystal structure contains N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds between two unique mol­ecules within layers and anti­parallel C—O⋯O—C inter­actions [O⋯O = 3.06 (3) Å] between the two mol­ecules of the asymmetric unit

Characteristics of a micro-fin evaporator: Theoretical analysis and experimental verification

A theoretical analysis and experimental verification on the characteristics of a micro-fin evaporator using R290 and R717 as refrigerants were carried out. The heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient of the micro-fin evaporator were investigated under different water mass flow rate, different refrigerant mass flow rate, and different inner tube diameter of micro-fin evaporator. The simulation results of the heat transfer coefficient are fairly in good agreement with the experimental data. The results show that heat capacity and the heat transfer coefficient of the micro-fin evaporator increase with increasing logarithmic mean temperature difference, the water mass flow rate and the refrigerant mass flow rate. Heat capacity of the micro-fin evaporator for diameter 9.52 mm is higher than that of diameter 7.00 mm with using R290 as refrigerant. Heat capacity of the micro-fin evaporator with using R717 as refrigerant is higher than that of R290 as refrigerant. The results of this study can provide useful guidelines for optimal design and operation of micro-fin evaporator in its present or future applications

Association between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and dentofacial characteristics of children seeking for orthodontic treatment: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo compare the dentofacial characteristics of children with and without adenoid and/or tonsillar hypertrophy.MethodsA consecutive sample of orthodontic patients aged 6-12 that took pre-treatment lateral cephalograms were included in this study. Those with history of previous orthodontic treatment, adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy, or craniofacial anomalies were excluded. The diagnosis of adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy was based on Fujioka's and Baroni's methods, according to which the subjects were divided into four groups: the adenoid hypertrophy only (AHO) group; tonsillar hypertrophy only (THO) group; combined adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy (AH+TH) group; and no adenoid or tonsillar hypertrophy (NH) group. Cephalograms were used for skeletal and dental measurement. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, LSD post-hoc tests and Chi-square test.ResultsA total of 598 patients were included. Compared with the NH group, the THO group had significantly larger SNB angle (P<0.001), as well as significantly smaller ANB angle (P<0.001) and Wits value (P=0.001). The U1-L1 angle of AHO group was significantly smaller than that in the NH group (P=0.035). The proportion of adenoid hypertrophy in Class II patients was significantly higher than that in Class III patients (P=0.001). The proportion of tonsillar hypertrophy in Class III patients was significantly higher than that in Class I patients (P<0.001) and Class II patients (P<0.001).ConclusionOver 80% of children seeking orthodontic treatment had either adenoid or tonsillar hypertrophy. Children with adenoid hypertrophy tend to have skeletal Class II malocclusion, while those with tonsillar hypertrophy tend to have skeletal Class III malocclusion

Bis[1-(2,6-dichloro­benz­yl)-3-methyl­pyrazin-1-ium] bis­(maleonitrile­dithiol­ato)nickelate(II)

In the crystal structure of the title compound, (C12H11Cl2N2)2[Ni(C4N2S2)2], the NiII complex dianion is located on an inversion centre. The NiII atom is coordinated by four S atoms in a square-planar geometry. In the cation, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrazine rings is 85.2 (2)°

Belamcanda chinensis (l.) Dc: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistryand pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine

Background: Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC (Iridaceae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known as She Gan (Chinese: 射干), is a flowering perennial herb native to East Asia. For thousands of years in China, the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis has been used to treat inflammation, oxyhepatitis, mumps, acute mastitis, and asthma, as well as throat disorders such as cough, tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Belamcanda chinensis is now listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. The present paper reviews the advancements in the investigation of botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Belamcanda chinensis.Materials and Methods: Information on Belamcanda chinensis was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via library and electronic search (PubMed, CNKI, Elsevier, ACS, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar,Web of Science and Science Direct).Results: A number of chemical compounds have been isolated from Belamcanda chinensis, and the major isolated compounds have been identified as isoflavonoids, flavonoids and iridal-type triterpenoids. Among these active compounds, the effects of tectoridin and tectorigenin have been widely investigated. The primary active components in Belamcanda chinensis possess a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, anti-alcohol injury, cardiovascular and oestrogenic activities.Conclusions: As an important traditional Chinese medicine, Belamcanda chinensis has been demonstrated to have marked bioactivity, especially in the respiratory system and as an oestrogenic and hepatoprotective agent. This activity is related to its traditional use and provides opportunities for the development of novel drugs and therapeutic products for various diseases. However, the toxicity of Belamcanda chinensis will require further study, and more attention should be devoted to its better utilization.Keywords: Belamcanda chinensis; Ethnopharmacology; Phytochemistry; Pharmacology; Toxicolog

Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Antimicrobial Substances from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CMN1308

Four separation methods of antimicrobial substances produced by CMN1308 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were evaluated and selected according to number of antimicrobial substances and its activity in vitro. The results showed that extraction by acid precipitation of the fermentation supernatant of CMN1308 was the best with a diameter of inhibition zone of pathogen fungi P. expansum of 12.3 mm in a laboratory bioassay. Applying a silica thin layer chromatography (TLC), SDS-PAGE and other separation technologies we isolate antimicrobial substances, and the separated band were cut off for mass spectrometry analysis. The TLC of crude extract of CMN1308 show a topical band corresponding with the surfactin standard (Rf value =0.75), proved that the strain CMN1308 can produce this surface active compound. The mycoprotein extracted from CMN1308 was separated by Tricine-SDS-PAGE modified with the addition of urea in the separation gel. After mass spectrometric analysis and protein characterization, the isolated mycoprotein showed a maximum ion peak at M/Z of 2679 and molecular weight of 29.5 kDa, matching with protein flagellin. The extracellular antimicrobial protein of strain CMN1308 display four bands after urea-Tricine-SDS-PAGE, but after mass spectrometry analysis only two bands were identified. Band “A” with a maximum ion peak at M/Z of 1926 and molecular weight of 49.8 kDa, aligned with NCBI database, matching with DLDH (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase enzyme). Band “D” show the maximum ion peak at M/Z of 2936 and molecular weight of 22.4 kD, matching with a chitin binding protein. Thus, the strain CMN1308 has the potential to be developed as a commercial biological control agent for chestnut common pathogenic fungi