Gender differences in the use of cardiovascular interventions in HIV-positive persons; the D:A:D Study

Peer reviewe

Impact of design variables on balancing markets

In electrical power systems there must always exist a balance between generation and load. Any imbalance will result in a frequency deviation and a deviation from the scheduled cross border exchange. To maintain and restore the balance in a certain area balancing systems exist. Balancing systems based on balance responsibility are affected by several design variables. This article discusses the effect of the programme time unit length and the gate-closure time

Reduced risks and improved economic operation of ancillary services

Present arrangements and regulation for ancillary services for power balance in power systems cannot cope with future developments in power systems as the participants do not receive proper incentives for required behaviour. This paper analyzes the consequences of current arrangements for system operation and stability when all participants make their own trade-off between risks and economic operation. Two-sided markets for ancillary services are proposed to replace the single-sided market of present secondary control arrangements and a price-based control strategy for power imbalances is described which can replace primary control. In contrast with present arrangements for primary control, all participants receive proper incentives such that economically rational behavior supports the global requirements on stability, reliability and minimal costs. Both new proposals guarantee a reliable and efficient operation of power systems in a market environment with responsive, reliable and accountable but also competing prosumers, a large penetration of renewables and continent spanning transmission networks

Incentives-based ancillary services for power system integrity

A reliable and efficient power system is a necessity for any industrialized society. Governments have to enforce regulations to guarantee that such a power system, in spite of many competing stakeholders, participants, companies and regulating agencies can be operational. This paper analyzes the present arrangements and the future requirements to be posed on incentives and regulation for ancillary services for power imbalance to guarantee a reliable and efficient operation of power systems in a market environment with responsive, reliable and accountable but also competing prosumers, a large penetration of renewables and continent spanning transmission networks