The Changing Balance of Power in New Zealand Industry

I want to consider the future outlook for industrial harmony in New Zealand. Free enterprise is under threat from many quarters and free enterprise, of course, is really personal liberty. Unless we can identify and promote the disciplines necessary to preserve our liberty, we will suddenly find it is too late, and our individual freedom which we hold to so dearly will have gone forever

Modelling applications of photonic bandgap fibres

Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs)[1] are one of the most exciting developments in the field of photonics that has emerged in recent years. Not only have they already led to cheap all-fibre high brightness white light sources and have sparked a renaissance in the field of nonlinear optics but they also have the potential to dramatically change the next generation of telecommunication systems. PCFs can be split into two categories, the first have a solid core and guide light by modified total internal reflection, while the second photonic bandgap fibres (PBF) guide light by photonic bandgap effects and typically have a low index core compared to the cladding. Also of interest are "arrow" fibres which have a solid core and guide light due to the arrangement of high index defects in the cladding. In this paper we will be concentrating on designing and manipulating the properties of PBFs. etc..

The Changing Balance of Power in New Zealand Industry

I want to consider the future outlook for industrial harmony in New Zealand. Free enterprise is under threat from many quarters and free enterprise, of course, is really personal liberty. Unless we can identify and promote the disciplines necessary to preserve our liberty, we will suddenly find it is too late, and our individual freedom which we hold to so dearly will have gone forever

Seleção De Isolados De Trichoderma Para O Controle Biológico De Sclerotinia Minor E S. Sclerotiorum Em Alface

Lettuce drop is one of the most important and difficult-to-control diseases affecting lettuce in Brazil and worldwide. This study was carried out to select Trichoderma isolates antagonistic to Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum, aiming to develop biological control for this pathosystem in Brazil. Thirty-one Trichoderma isolates were obtained with the use of baits and were tested under laboratory conditions for their ability to control S. minor and S. sclerotiorum in seedlings of lettuce cultivar Tainá cultured in Petri dishes containing water-agar medium. Subsequently, four isolates effective for control and showing high sporulation under laboratory conditions were evaluated in greenhouse in two experiments carried out with both pathogens in lettuce seedlings of the same cultivar. Twenty-two isolates showed ability to control S. minor and S. sclerotiorum in the in vitro experiments. The isolates tested under greenhouse conditions, identified as T. asperellum (IBLF 897, IBLF 904 and IBLF 914) and T. asperelloides (IBLF 908), reduced lettuce drop of seedlings caused by both pathogens but were more effective against S. minor. Biological control is a promising technology for the management of lettuce drop, especially because S. minor is the predominant species in infested lettuce fields in Brazil. © 2016, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). All rights reserved.42321622

Efeito Da Temperatura Sobre O Crescimento Micelial De Trichoderma, Sclerotinia Minor E S. Sclerotiorum E Sobre O Micoparasitismo

Environmental conditions are very important for the biological control of plant diseases. In a previous study, isolates of Trichoderma asperellum (IBLF 897, IBLF 904 and IBLF 914) and T. asperelloides (IBLF 908) were selected as antagonists of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, causal agents of lettuce drop, one of the most relevant diseases affecting the lettuce crop. In this subsequent study, the mycelial growth of these isolates and pathogens, as well as the mycoparasitism of isolate IBLF 914, was evaluated at different temperatures. The mycelial growth of the isolates of T. asperellum and T. asperelloides, as well as of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum, was evaluated at temperatures ranging from 7 to 42°C. The parasitism of propagules of S. minor and S. sclerotiorum by the isolate IBLF 914, as well as the number of lettuce seedlings surviving drop, was evaluated at 12, 17, 22, 27 and 32°C, in gerboxes containing substrate. S. minor and S. sclerotiorum showed mycelial growth at temperatures ranging from 7 to 27°C, but no growth occurred at 32 °C, and both pathogens had greater mycelial growth at 22°C. The isolates of Trichoderma grew at temperatures ranging from 12 to 37°C, with maximum growth at 27°C. The isolate IBLF 914 had mycoparasitism and reduced the disease in lettuce seedlings at temperatures ranging from 22 to 32°C. Since lettuce drop occurs when mild temperatures and high humidity prevail and the antagonist was more effective at higher temperatures, it is recommended that Trichoderma is applied in lettuce fields in Brazil also during warmer months of the year to reduce the inoculum remaining in the soil before planting the winter crop, which is more affected by the disease. © 2016, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). All rights reserved.42322222

Ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja produzidas sob calagem e adubação potássica residuais

To study the residual effect of liming and potassium fertilizer on the occurrence of fungi in soybean seeds, an experiment was installed during the 1991/92 growing season, using 0, 3.5 and 7.0 t/ha of dolomitic lime and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha of K2O in the form of potassium cloride. In 1993/94 (the third year), the harvested seeds were submitted to a seed health test (blotter method). The results showed that liming reduced significantly the incidence of Phomopsis sp. and increased the presence of Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp.. Although no significant differences were observed with liming, there was a reduction in the incidence of Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum dematium var. truncala and Peronospora manshurica. Among the fungi found in the seeds, only Phomopsis sp. was significantly reduced by potassium fertilization, the least incidence being observed at the rate of 450 kg/ha.Estudou-se o efeito residual da adubação potássica e da calagem sobre a ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja. O experimento foi instalado com a cultivar IAC-17, no ano agrícola de 1991/92, aplicando doses a lanço de O, 3,5 e 7 t/ha de calcário dolomítico e de 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha de K2O. As sementes colhidas no terceiro ano de cultivo, (1993/94) foram submetidas ao teste de sanidade, pelo método do papel de filtro. Observou-se que a calagem reduziu significativamente a incidência de Phomopsis sp., favorecendo, no entanto, a presença de Aspergillus sp. e de Fusarium sp.. Embora não tenham sido detectadas diferenças significativas, nos tratamentos com calagem, verificou-se redução da incidência de Cercospora kikuchii, Colltotrichum dematium var. truncata e Peronospora manshurica. Apenas a incidência de Phomopsis sp. diminuiu significativamente devido à adubação potássica, sendo menor quando se utilizou a dose de 450 kg/ha de K2O

Ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja produzidas sob calagem e adubação potássica residuais

To study the residual effect of liming and potassium fertilizer on the occurrence of fungi in soybean seeds, an experiment was installed during the 1991/92 growing season, using 0, 3.5 and 7.0 t/ha of dolomitic lime and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha of K2O in the form of potassium cloride. In 1993/94 (the third year), the harvested seeds were submitted to a seed health test (blotter method). The results showed that liming reduced significantly the incidence of Phomopsis sp. and increased the presence of Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp.. Although no significant differences were observed with liming, there was a reduction in the incidence of Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum dematium var. truncala and Peronospora manshurica. Among the fungi found in the seeds, only Phomopsis sp. was significantly reduced by potassium fertilization, the least incidence being observed at the rate of 450 kg/ha.Estudou-se o efeito residual da adubação potássica e da calagem sobre a ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja. O experimento foi instalado com a cultivar IAC-17, no ano agrícola de 1991/92, aplicando doses a lanço de O, 3,5 e 7 t/ha de calcário dolomítico e de 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha de K2O. As sementes colhidas no terceiro ano de cultivo, (1993/94) foram submetidas ao teste de sanidade, pelo método do papel de filtro. Observou-se que a calagem reduziu significativamente a incidência de Phomopsis sp., favorecendo, no entanto, a presença de Aspergillus sp. e de Fusarium sp.. Embora não tenham sido detectadas diferenças significativas, nos tratamentos com calagem, verificou-se redução da incidência de Cercospora kikuchii, Colltotrichum dematium var. truncata e Peronospora manshurica. Apenas a incidência de Phomopsis sp. diminuiu significativamente devido à adubação potássica, sendo menor quando se utilizou a dose de 450 kg/ha de K2O

Ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja produzidas sob calagem e adubação potássica residuais

To study the residual effect of liming and potassium fertilizer on the occurrence of fungi in soybean seeds, an experiment was installed during the 1991/92 growing season, using 0, 3.5 and 7.0 t/ha of dolomitic lime and 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha of K2O in the form of potassium cloride. In 1993/94 (the third year), the harvested seeds were submitted to a seed health test (blotter method). The results showed that liming reduced significantly the incidence of Phomopsis sp. and increased the presence of Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp.. Although no significant differences were observed with liming, there was a reduction in the incidence of Cercospora kikuchii, Colletotrichum dematium var. truncala and Peronospora manshurica. Among the fungi found in the seeds, only Phomopsis sp. was significantly reduced by potassium fertilization, the least incidence being observed at the rate of 450 kg/ha.Estudou-se o efeito residual da adubação potássica e da calagem sobre a ocorrência de fungos em sementes de soja. O experimento foi instalado com a cultivar IAC-17, no ano agrícola de 1991/92, aplicando doses a lanço de O, 3,5 e 7 t/ha de calcário dolomítico e de 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha de K2O. As sementes colhidas no terceiro ano de cultivo, (1993/94) foram submetidas ao teste de sanidade, pelo método do papel de filtro. Observou-se que a calagem reduziu significativamente a incidência de Phomopsis sp., favorecendo, no entanto, a presença de Aspergillus sp. e de Fusarium sp.. Embora não tenham sido detectadas diferenças significativas, nos tratamentos com calagem, verificou-se redução da incidência de Cercospora kikuchii, Colltotrichum dematium var. truncata e Peronospora manshurica. Apenas a incidência de Phomopsis sp. diminuiu significativamente devido à adubação potássica, sendo menor quando se utilizou a dose de 450 kg/ha de K2O