Cell membrane damage induced by phenolic acids on wine lactic acid bacteria

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phenolic acids on cell membrane permeability of lactic acid bacteria from wine. Several phenolic acids were tested for their effects on the cell membrane of Oenococcus oeni and Lactobacillus hilgardii by measuring potassium and phosphate efflux, proton influx and by assessing culture viability employing a fluorescence technique based on membrane integrity. The experimental results indicate that hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids) induce greater ion leakages and higher proton influx than hydroxybenzoic acids (p-hydroxibenzoic, protocatechuic, gallic, vanillic, and syringic acids). Among the hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric acid showed the strongest effect. Moreover, the exposure of cells to phenolic acids caused a significant decrease in cell culture viability, as measured by the fluorescence assay, in both tested strains. The results agree with previous results obtained in growth experiments with the same strains. Generally, phenolic acids increased the cell membrane permeability in lactic acid bacteria from wine. The different effects of phenolic acids on membrane permeability could be related to differences in their structure and lipophilic character

The CHEMDNER corpus of chemicals and drugs and its annotation principles

The automatic extraction of chemical information from text requires the recognition of chemical entity mentions as one of its key steps. When developing supervised named entity recognition (NER) systems, the availability of a large, manually annotated text corpus is desirable. Furthermore, large corpora permit the robust evaluation and comparison of different approaches that detect chemicals in documents. We present the CHEMDNER corpus, a collection of 10,000 PubMed abstracts that contain a total of 84,355 chemical entity mentions labeled manually by expert chemistry literature curators, following annotation guidelines specifically defined for this task. The abstracts of the CHEMDNER corpus were selected to be representative for all major chemical disciplines. Each of the chemical entity mentions was manually labeled according to its structure-associated chemical entity mention (SACEM) class: abbreviation, family, formula, identifier, multiple, systematic and trivial. The difficulty and consistency of tagging chemicals in text was measured using an agreement study between annotators, obtaining a percentage agreement of 91. For a subset of the CHEMDNER corpus (the test set of 3,000 abstracts) we provide not only the Gold Standard manual annotations, but also mentions automatically detected by the 26 teams that participated in the BioCreative IV CHEMDNER chemical mention recognition task. In addition, we release the CHEMDNER silver standard corpus of automatically extracted mentions from 17,000 randomly selected PubMed abstracts. A version of the CHEMDNER corpus in the BioC format has been generated as well. We propose a standard for required minimum information about entity annotations for the construction of domain specific corpora on chemical and drug entities. The CHEMDNER corpus and annotation guidelines are available at: http://www.biocreative.org/resources/biocreative-iv/chemdner-corpus

Predation On Leptodactylus Marmoratus (anura: Leptodactylidae) By The Spider Ctenus Medius (araneae: Ctenidae) In The Atlantic Forest, Southeast Brazil

We report herein a case of predation by the ctenid spider Ctenus medius on a leptodactylid frog Leptodactylus marmoratus, observed in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest, municipality of São Vicente, São Paulo state, southeast Brazil. This is the first record of predation by C. medius upon L. marmoratus. Nevertheless, due to the high abundance of both groups, we suggest that the interaction between spiders and amphibians could be very common on the floor of the Atlantic Forest.2199100Centeno, F.C., (2009) Diversidade E Uso De Ambiente Pelos An- Fíbios E Répteis De São Sebastião, Ilhabela, Sp, , Unpublished Master thesis. Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilCorey, D.T., Comments on a wolf spider feeding on a green anole lizard (1988) J. Arachnol, 16, pp. 391-392Dietl, J., Engels, W., Solé, M., Diet and feeding behaviour of the leaf-litter frog Ischnocnema henselii (Anura: Brachycephalidae) in Araucaria rain forests on the Serra Geral of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (2009) J. Nat Hist, 43 (23-24), pp. 1473-1483Duellman, W.E., Tueb, L., (1986) Biology of Amphibians, , New York, McGraw-HillGasnier, T.R.J., (1996) Ecologia Comparada De Quatro Espécies De Aranhas Errantes Do Gênero Ctenus (walckenaer) (araneae, Ctenidae) Em Uma Floresta Na Amazônia Central: Bases Para Um Modelo Integrado De Coexistência, , Unpublished Doctoral thesis. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaMcCormick, S., Polis, G.A., Arthropods that prey on vertebrates (1982) Biol. Rev, 57, pp. 29-58Menin, M., Rodrigues, D.J., Azevedo, C.S., Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region (2005) Phyllomedusa, 4 (1), pp. 39-47Pombal-Junior, J.P., Notas sobre predação em uma taxocenose de anuros no sudeste do Brasil (2007) Rev. Bras. Zool, 24 (3), pp. 841-843Rubbo, M.J., Townsend Jr, V.R., Smyers, S.D., Jaeger, R.G., The potential for invertebrate - vertebrate intraguild predation: The predatory relationship between wolf spiders (Gladicosa pulchra) and ground skinks (Scincella lateralis) (2001) Can. J. Zool, 79, pp. 1465-1471Kovács, S.I., Covaciu-Marcov, S., Strugariu, A., Ramona, C., Ferenti, S., Food habits of a Pool frog Pelophylax lessonae - Edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus populationfrom North-Western Romania (2007) Biota, 8, pp. 71-78Sawaya, R.J., (1999) Diversidade, Densidade E Distribuição Altitudinal Da Anurofauna De Serapilheira Da Ilha De São Sebastião, Sp, , Unpublished Master thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilToledo, L.F., Predation of juvenile and adult anurans by invertebrates: Current knowledge and perspectives (2005) Herpetol. Rev, 36 (4), pp. 395-40