Endemic and emerging acute virus infections in Indonesia: an overview of the past decade and implications for the future

Being the largest archipelago country in the world, with a tropical climate and a unique flora and fauna, Indonesia habitats one of the most diverse biome in the world. These characteristics make Indonesia a popular travel destination, with tourism numbers increasing yearly. These characteristics also facilitate the transmission of zoonosis and provide ideal living and breading circumstances for arthropods, known vectors for viral diseases. A review of the past 10 years of literature, reports of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia and ProMED-mail shows a significant increase in dengue infection incidence. Furthermore, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and rabies are proven to be endemic in Indonesia. The combination of cohort studies, governmental data and ProMED-mail reveals an integrated overview for those working in travel medicine and public health, focusing on both endemic and emerging acute virus infections. This review summarizes the epidemiology of acute virus infections in Indonesia, including outbreak reports, as well as public health response measurements and their potential or efficacy. Knowledge about human behavio

التغيرات في المكونات الكربوهيدراتية والنتروجينية خلال إِنبات بذور الحلبة المنقوعة في حامض الجبريليك والنامية في مستويات مختلفة من الجهد الأزموري

Changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions during seed germination of fenugreek under water stress and GA^ treatment were investigated. The germination percentage was reduced with the decrease in the osmotic potential of seed media, reaching its lower value at -0.8 MPa. Sucrose was accumulated considerably which could have had a major contribution in the total carbohydrate, while monosaccharides showed a substantial reduction and polysaccharides demonstrated no consistent pattern of changes due to water stress. The response of total nitrogen was variable; it increased considerably in -0.1 and -0.3 MPa osmotic potential, then dropped sharply at -0.5 and -0.8 MPa. Similar behavior was found in TSN(Total Soluble Nitrogen), whereas protein-N changed only slightly and proline was accumulated substantially by decreasing the osmotic potential of the seed media. Although GA, application had no any promotive influence on seed germination under water stress, it caused considerable changes in carbohydrate fractions in the growing seedlings. For example, monosaccharides were reduced, sucrose was accumulated and polysaccharides were degraded in hormone treatment as compared to water treatment. Nitrogen constituents, on the other hand, showed no clear responses to GAi treatment. The possible metabolic roles of all these fractions in the growing seedlings due to water stress were discussed.درست التغيرات في المكونات الكربوهيدراتية والنتروجينية خلال إنبات بذور الحلبة (Trigonella -foenum - graecum L.) تحت ظروف الإجهاد المائي ومعاملة حامض الجبريليك . وكانت العلاقة خطة بين اختزال النسبة المئوية للإنبات وهبوط الجهد الأزموزي لوسط البذور لتصل تلك النسبة إلى أوطأ قيمة عند -0.8 ميجا باسكال . تراكم السكروز كثيرا والذي كان له مساهمة رئيسية في المحتوى الكلي للكربوهيدرات بينما اختزل محتوى السكريات الأحادية لدرجة كبيرة ولم تظهر السكريات المتعددة نمط متناغما في التغيرات نتيجة للإجهاد المائي. وتوحي استجابة المكونات النتروجينية إلى تباين النتروجين الإجمالي حيث زاد لدرجة كبيرة عنه -0.1و -0.3 ميجا باسكال وتلي ذلك هبوط حاد عند -0.5 و-0.8 باسكال . ذات السلوك قد وجد في النتروجين الذائب الكلي بينما تغير البروتين فقط لدرجة طفيفة، وتراكم البرولين بكميات كبيرة بنقص الجهد الأزموزي لوسط البذور. وبالرغم من أنه ليس لمعاملة البذور بحامض الجبريليك أي تأثير تحفيزي على إنبات البذور تحت ظروف الإجهاد المائي، فإنه قد سبب تغيرات كبيرة في مكونات الكربوهيدرات في البادرات النامية ، فقد اختزلت السكريات الأحادية وتراكم السكروز وتحللت السكريات المتعددة مقارنة مع معاملة الماء . ولم تظهر المكونات النتروجينية استجابات واضحة بمعاملة حامض الجبريليك . وقد نوقشت الأدوار الأيضية المحتملة لتلك المكونات في البادرات النامية تحت ظروف الإجهاد المائي

Recovery and partial purification of thermophilic β-xylosidase derived from recombinant Bacillus megaterium

A polymer–salt-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was developed for the effective extraction and purification of extracellular β-xylosidase from the fermentation broth of recombinant Bacillus megaterium MS941. The effect of molecular weight (MW) of polyethylene glycol (PEG), tie-line length (TLL), volume ratio (VR), crude loading and pH on the recovery performance was evaluated. Under the optimal extraction conditions, β-xylosidase was successfully purified up to 23-fold with a recovery yield of 99% in the bottom salt-rich phase at PEG 4,000/potassium phosphate ATPS comprising TLL of 41.8, VR of 2.3, crude loading (CL) of 30% (w/w) at pH 6

The colour stability of natural blue dye extracted from Clitoria ternatea L. in poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) coating film

Purpose: This paper aims to focus on a comparison study of the visible stability of natural blue dye consisting anthocyanin molecules extracted from Clitoria ternatea in coating films. Design/methodology/approach: The coating films were prepared by mixing the blue dye with poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) in three different weight ratios. Samples were coded as 10PBA, 15PBA and 20PBA, where PBA is the abbreviation for poly acrylamide-co-acrylic acid, blue dyes and anthocyanin. The number at the beginning of each code represents the weight percentage of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) to natural blue dye. The mixtures were applied on separate glass substrates to form coating films. Another set of samples were prepared for the comparison study with a commercial acrylic clear coat (cc) applied on the surface of the 10PBA, 15PBA and 20PBA coating films. These coating films were coded 10PBAcc, 15PBAcc and 20PBAcc. The purpose of the clear coat is to observe how it affects the colour stability of the blue coating films with respect to time. All samples were exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) source, an 18 W Philips TL-D 18w/830 UV fluorescent lamp. The UV lamp was placed 15 cm above the surface of the samples for 35 days. The colour of the coatings was measured using CIE L*a*b* colour space coordinate. Findings: The results obtained show 10PBA and 10PBAcc have the highest colour stability after 35 days of exposure to UV light. The reflectivity of the coating films was also measured during exposure to UV lamp. Reflectivity measurements also showed that 10PBA and 10PBAcc coating films had the highest reflective stabilities. Research limitations/implications: The potential of using natural blue dye consisting anthocyanin in coating film to obtain high colour stability. Practical implications: The coating film developed in this work is suitable to be applied on glass substrates. Originality/value: The application of anthocyanin dye extracted from the Clitoria ternatea L. as a colourant in coating films. © 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited

The Geometry of Enhancement in Multiple Regression

suppression, suppressor variable, multiple regression,