Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors affecting antimicrobial effectiveness of essential oils Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic streptococcosis in fish. Food conservation is based on an intermittent search for foods with a high nutritional quality and microbial stability and it has been reached by the control of the growth/survival of spoiling and pathogen foodborne microorganisms. Based on several reports, fish streptococcosis is currently considered as one of the main limiting factors in the aquaculture industry, due to the significant economic losses (annually more than $150 million) that these infections cause in different cultured fresh and seawater fish species worldwide. The sensitivity of S. iniae to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays and paper disc diffusion method. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oils and extracts were 3.9-250 and 7.8-500 µg/ml and the ranges of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for the oils and extracts were found to be in the range of 7.8-250 and 15.6-500 µg/ml, respectively. The essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against S. iniae. The essential oil of rosemary showed the strongest antimicrobial activity

Fabrication of carbon paste electrode containing [PFeW11O39]4− polyoxoanion supported on modified amorphous silica gel and its electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 reduction

[PFeW11O39]4− (PFeW11) supported on the surface of 3-aminopropyl(triethoxy)silane modified silica gel was synthesized and used as a bulk modifier to fabricate a renewable three-dimensional chemically modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the PFeW11 on the electrode surface sustained the same electrochemical properties as that of the PFeW11 in solution. The preparation of chemically modified electrode is simple and quiet reproducible using inexpensive material. The modified electrode had high electrocatalytic activity toward H2O2 reduction and it was successfully applied as an electrochemical detector to monitor H2O2 in flow injection analysis (FIA). The electrocatalytic peak current was found to be linear with the H2O2 concentration in the range 10–200 μmol L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 and a detection limit (3σ) of 7.4 μmol L−1 H2O2. The electrode has the remarkable advantage of surface renewal owing to bulk modification, as well as simple preparation, good mechanical and chemical stability and reproducibility

Red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) and its effect on growth, antioxidant activity and color pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Efficacy of orally used of red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) (1.6 mg astaxanthin/g product) at 15.5 g (P1), 37.3 g (P2) and 47 (P3) g per kg diet were studied on performance, carcass composition, antioxidant activity and fillet pigmentation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighing 208–212 g for eight weeks at 11 °C. Synthetic astaxanthin (AX) (0.5 g/kg diet) and basal diet were used as controls. With an increase in P. rhodozyma concentration in diet, weight gain and specific growth rate exhibited an increase compared to basal diet (P 0.05). Water holding capacity and lipid loss in fillets of treatments were lower than fish fed basal diet (P < 0.05). By increasing P. rhodozyma concentration in fish diets, redness value exhibited a progressive increase, and the highest value was seen in P3 diet compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). These data show application of P. rhodozyma at 47 g/kg diet in trout could provide a better performance, antioxidant activities, and fillet pigmentation

A theoretical scheme for generation of Gazeau-Klauder coherent states via intensity-dependent degenerate Raman interaction

A theoretical scheme is presented for generating Gazeau-Klauder coherent states(GKCSs) via the generalization of degenerate Raman interaction with coupling constant to intensity-dependent coupling. Firstly, we prove that in the intensity-dependent degenerate Raman interaction, under particular conditions, the modified efective Hamiltonian can be used instead of Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, for describing the atom-field interaction. We suppose that the cavity field is initially prepared in a nonlinear CS, which is not temporally stable. As we will observe, after the occurrence of the interaction between atom and field, the generated state involves a superposition of GKCSs which are temporally stable and initial nonlinear CS. Under specific conditions which may be prepared, the generated state just includes GKCS. So, in this way we produced the GKCS, successfully.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figures, Optics Communications, Article in Pres

Extracellular NAD and ATP: Partners in immune cell modulation

Extracellular NAD and ATP exert multiple, partially overlapping effects on immune cells. Catabolism of both nucleotides by extracellular enzymes keeps extracellular concentrations low under steady-state conditions and generates metabolites that are themselves signal transducers. ATP and its metabolites signal through purinergic P2 and P1 receptors, whereas extracellular NAD exerts its effects by serving as a substrate for ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) and NAD glycohydrolases/ADPR cyclases like CD38 and CD157. Both nucleotides activate the P2X7 purinoceptor, although by different mechanisms and with different characteristics. While ATP activates P2X7 directly as a soluble ligand, activation via NAD occurs by ART-dependent ADP-ribosylation of cell surface proteins, providing an immobilised ligand. P2X7 activation by either route leads to phosphatidylserine exposure, shedding of CD62L, and ultimately to cell death. Activation by ATP requires high micromolar concentrations of nucleotide and is readily reversible, whereas NAD-dependent stimulation begins at low micromolar concentrations and is more stable. Under conditions of cell stress or inflammation, ATP and NAD are released into the extracellular space from intracellular stores by lytic and non-lytic mechanisms, and may serve as ‘danger signals–to alert the immune response to tissue damage. Since ART expression is limited to naïve/resting T cells, P2X7-mediated NAD-induced cell death (NICD) specifically targets this cell population. In inflamed tissue, NICD may inhibit bystander activation of unprimed T cells, reducing the risk of autoimmunity. In draining lymph nodes, NICD may eliminate regulatory T cells or provide space for the preferential expansion of primed cells, and thus help to augment an immune response

Detecting unilateral phrenic paralysis by acoustic respiratory analysis

The consequences of phrenic nerve paralysis vary from a considerable reduction in respiratory function to an apparently normal state. Acoustic analysis of lung sound intensity (LSI) could be an indirect non-invasive measurement of respiratory muscle function, comparing activity on the two sides of the thoracic cage. Lung sounds and airflow were recorded in ten males with unilateral phrenic paralysis and ten healthy subjects (5 men/5 women), during progressive increasing airflow maneuvers. Subjects were in sitting position and two acoustic sensors were placed on their back, on the left and right sides. LSI was determined from 1.2 to 2.4 L/s between 70 and 2000 Hz. LSI was significantly greater on the normal (19.3±4.0 dB) than the affected (5.7±3.5 dB) side in all patients (p = 0.0002), differences ranging from 9.9 to 21.3 dB (13.5±3.5 dB). In the healthy subjects, the LSI was similar on both left (15.1±6.3 dB) and right (17.4±5.7 dB) sides (p = 0.2730), differences ranging from 0.4 to 4.6 dB (2.3±1.6 dB). There was a positive linear relationship between the LSI and the airflow, with clear differences between the slope of patients (about 5 dB/L/s) and healthy subjects (about 10 dB/L/s). Furthermore, the LSI from the affected side of patients was close to the background noise level, at low airflows. As the airflow increases, the LSI from the affected side did also increase, but never reached the levels seen in healthy subjects. Moreover, the difference in LSI between healthy and paralyzed sides was higher in patients with lower FEV1 (%). The acoustic analysis of LSI is a relevant non-invasive technique to assess respiratory function. This method could reinforce the reliability of the diagnosis of unilateral phrenic paralysis, as well as the monitoring of these patients.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Comparison of Recovery Period, Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Side Effects in Spinal Anesthesia with Hyperbaric Marcaine in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia via Marcaine hyperbaric in different patients is associated with different side effects. The present study was performed to detect recovery period, Gastrointestinal and Respiratory side effects in spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric marcaine in diabetic and non diabetic patients. Methods: In this comparative study, 62 patients (30 diabetic and 32 non-diabetics) with sub abdomen and lower organ surgeries were selected with simple sampling. After spinal anesthesia with hyper baric marcaine was done , recovery duration , Gastrointestina and respiratory side effects in two groups were evaluated . Data were collected using questionnaire, physical examination and patients’ records and were analyzed utilizing statistical, independent t –t, and fisher exact test. Results: Gastrointestinal and respiratory side effects in two groups revealed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). But the mean length of recovery residence showed a significant difference in the two groups of control and experiment (p=0.05); In fact, diabetic patients recovery duration was shorter. Conclusion: Since Gastrointestina and respiratory side effects were same in the two groups and also recovery period was shorter, its appears that hyperbaric marcaine in spinal anesthesia is apppropriate for diabetic patients