Tunable biohybrid hydrogels from coacervation of hyaluronic acid and PEO‐based block copolymers

Accurately tuning the macroscopic properties of biopolymer‐based hydrogels remains challenging due to the ill‐defined molecular architecture of the natural building blocks. Here, we report a biohybrid coacervate hydrogel, combining the biocompatibility and biodegradability of naturally occurring hyaluronic acid (HA) with the tunability of a synthetic polyethylene oxide (PEO) ‐based ABA‐triblock copolymer. Coacervation of the cationic ammonium or guanidinium‐functionalized copolymer A‐blocks with the anionic HA leads to hydrogel formation. Both mechanical properties and water content of the self‐healing hydrogels can be controlled independently by altering the copolymer structure. By controlling the strength of the interaction between the polymer network and small‐molecule cargo, both release rate and maximum release are controlled. Finally, we show that coacervation of HA and the triblock copolymer leads to increased biostability upon exposure to hyaluronidase. We envision that noncovalent crosslinking of HA hydrogels through coacervation is an attractive strategy for the facile synthesis of tunable hydrogels for biomedical applications

The early development of the normative mind

Normativity is pervasive in everyday human social interactions and perhaps even constitutive of human forms of group and societal living. During the past decade, there has been increased interest in the ontogeny of normativity and the role that norms play in early social reasoning and behavior. Given the ubiquity of normativity, it is vital to investigate the development of children’s normative understanding and behavior in a variety of different contexts, ranging from prosocial behavior to rational action or from linguistic competencies to cultural norms and values. Hence, in this special issue on the early development of the normative mind, researchers from different theoretical traditions have employed a number of different methods (e.g., third-party norm enforcement, judgment and reasoning, social behavior) to address different, yet related, research questions about the ontogeny of normativity. Here, we introduce the reader to the current debate and point to important research questions for the field

Improved Discretization of the Full First-Order Magnetic Field Integral Equation

The inaccuracy of the classical magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) is a long-studied problem. We investigate one of the potential approaches to solve the accuracy problem: higher-order discretization schemes. While these are able to offer increased accuracy, we demonstrate that the accuracy problem may still be present. We propose an advanced scheme based on a weak-form discretization of the identity operator which is able to improve the high-frequency MFIE accuracy considerably - without any significant increase in computational effort or complexity.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, accepted for the 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation 2021 (EuCAP

Potensi Lamun di Kampung Aisandami Kabupaten Teluk Wondama dan Strategi Pengelolaanya

Seagrass ecosystem have primary and secondary productivity with great support to the abundance and diversity of fishes and it’s biota associations. Seagrass ecosystems are also as a coastal resources that have an important role of environmental services. Some community activities will directly or indirectly can have an impact on habitat degradation and biodiversity of seagrass ecosystems. The importance oto assess  the potential of seagrass ecosystem and it’s  biotas association is to know of sea grass’s role to provides of environmental services is the aim of this study. This research was conducted in the waters of Kampung Aisandami, Teluk Wondama Regency during June - July 2019. Data collection methodology was used is structured random methods quadrant transects at two observations to reveal data on seagrass community structure. The datas obtained were tabulated and displayed in tables and figures. Thalassia hemprichii and Enhalus acoroides were found at two observation sites. Another type found outside the observation transect is Halophila ovalis. E. acoroides seagrass species have a frequency value is 0.77 which shows that  distribution of E. acoroides is wider than T. hemprichii  which has a frequency is 0. 58. Both of station show that T. hemprichii has a frequency value of 0.7 where it indicates that distribution is wider compare with E. Acoroides. T hemprichii has the highest relative density at both observation stations. The status of seagrass of both stations is classified as poor or unhealthy with seagrass value ≥ 30-59.9%. The highest importance index is the T. hemprichii seagrass at both stations and has a higher role than the E. acoroides. The community-based management model is the a suitable model that can be used  to developing coastal ecosystem management including seagrass ecosystems in this village.Ekosistem lamun memiliki produktivitas primer dan sekunder dengan dukungan yang besar terhadap kelimpahan dan keragaman ikan serta biota asosiasi. Ekosistem lamun juga merupakan sumberdaya pesisir yang memiliki peran sangat besar dalam penyediaan jasa lingkungan. Beberapa aktivitas masyarakat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dapat berdampak pada degradasi habitat dan keanekaragaman hayati ekosistem lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi ekosistem lamun dan strategi pengelolaannya. Lokasi studi berada di perairan Kampung Aisandami Kabupaten Teluk Wondama, dan berlangsung pada bulan Juni – Juli 2019. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode acak terstruktur dengan transek kuadran pada dua lokasi pengamatan untuk mengungkapkan data struktur komunitas lamun. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara tabulasi dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel serta gambar.  Jenis Thalassia hemprichii dan Enhalus Acoroides ditemukan pada 2 lokasi pengamatan. Jenis lain yang ditemukan di luar transek pengamatan adalah Halophila ovalis. Jenis lamun E. acoroides memiliki nilai frekunsi 0.77 yang menujukan bahwa jenis E. Acoroides penyebarannya lebih luas dibandingkan dengan jenis T. hemprichii yang memiliki nlai Frekuensi 0. 58.  Pada Stasiun 2 jenis T. hemprichii memiliki nilai frekunsi 0.7 yang menunjukan bahwa penyebaran lebih luas dibandingkan jenis E. Acoroides. Jenis T hemprichii memiliki kerapatan relatif tertinggi pada kedua stasiun pengamatan. Status padang lamun kedua stasiun tergolong miskin atau kurang sehat dengan nilai penutupan lamun ≥ 30-59,9 %. Indeks Nilai Penting tertinggi adalah jenis lamun T. hemprichii pada kedua stasiun dan mempunyai peranan yang lebih tinggi dari jenis E. acoroides. Potensi lamun di Kampung Aisandami memerlukan pengelolaan yang terintegrasi dengan baik. Model pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat menjadi model yang tepat dalam mengembangkan pengelolaan ekosistem pesisir termasuk ekosistem padang lamun di perairan kampung Aisandami

Mathematical modeling of cell population dynamics in the colonic crypt and in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is initiated in colonic crypts. A succession of genetic mutations or epigenetic changes can lead to homeostasis in the crypt being overcome, and subsequent unbounded growth. We consider the dynamics of a single colorectal crypt by using a compartmental approach [Tomlinson IPM, Bodmer WF (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11130-11134], which accounts for populations of stem cells, differential cells, and transit cells. That original model made the simplifying assumptions that each cell popuation divides synchronously, but we relax these assumptions by adopting an age-structured approach that models asynchronous cell division, and by using a continuum model. We discuss two mechanims that could regulate the growth of cell numbers and maintain the equilibrium that is normally observed in the crypt. The first will always maintain an equilibrium for all parameter values, whereas the second can allow unbounded proliferation if the net per capita growth rates are large enough. Results show that an increase in cell renewal, which is equivalent to a failure of programmed cell death or of differentiation, can lead to the growth of cancers. The second model can be used to explain the long lag phases in tumor growth, during which news, higher equilibria are reached, before unlimited growth in cell number ensues

Studi Potensi Penyu dan Persepsi Masyarakat Dalam Upaya Pengembangan Ekowisata

This research used a purposive sampling method in Mubraidiba villag , North Manokwari District in July 2019 with the aim of assessing the potential of sea turtle natural resources, the willingness of local communities to change their income earning patterns, estimating and determine the income level of local communities from selling turtle eggs and developing a local community-based turtle ecotourism development strategy on the north coast of Manokwari.  Data collection was carried out by means of field observations and literature, where field observations by viewing directly at the research location and interviews with the help of questionnaires to visitors, local communities and key persons and literature studies to obtain information related to the research. The results showed that four species of sea turtles lay eggs in the area: green, olive ridley, leatherback and hawksbill sea turtles with the number of eggs ranged from 61-122 eggs/nest.  Local people are willing to change their pattern of earning a living by profession selling food, souvenirs, tour guides, rental of tourist facilities, motorcycle ride.  The income of the local community by selling turtle eggs to the Manduni Putra TPP ranges from Rp. 100,000-Rp. 2,150,000 depending on the number of nests.  The existence of turtles can attract visitors and have the potential to be used as a tourist attraction that would change the income earning patterns of the local community.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling di Desa Mubraidiba Distrik Manokwari Utara pada bulan Juli 2019 dengan tujuan untuk mengkaji potensi sumberdaya alam penyu, kesediaan masyarakat lokal untuk mengubah pola mencari nafkah, mengestimasi dan mengetahui tingkat pendapatan masyarakat lokal dari hasil penjualan telur penyu dan menyusun strategi pengembangan ekowisata penyu berbasis masyarakat lokal di pesisir pantai utara manokwari.  Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi lapang dan literatur, dimana observasi lapang dengan melihat secara langsung lokasi penelitian dan wawancara dengan bantuan kuisioner pada pengunjung, masyarakat lokal dan key persons serta studi literatur untuk mendapatkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan penelitian.  Hasil penelitian mendapatkan empat jenis penyu yang bertelur yaitu penyu hijau, penyu lekang, penyu belimbing dan penyu sisik dengan jumlah telur berkisar antara 61-122 butir/sarang.  Masyarakat lokal bersedia untuk mengubah pola mencari nafkah dengan profesi menjual mekanan, souvenir, pemandu wisata , sewa sarana wisata, ojek.  Pendapatan masyarakat lokal dengan menjual telur penyu ke TPP Manduni Putra berkisar antara Rp.100.000-Rp.2.150.000 tergantung dari jumlah sarang.  Keberadaan penyu dapat menjadi daya tarik pengunjung dan berpotensi dijadikan sebagai objek wisata yang dapat mengubah pola mencari nafkah dari masyarkat lokal. &nbsp

Profil Glukosa dan Urea Darah Sapi Bali Jantan yang digemukkan dengan Pakan Komplit yang Mengandung Level Protein Kasar berbeda

The purpose of this study was to determine the glucose and urea profile of Bali bovine blood fattened with complete feed containing different levels of crude protein (PK). Cattle used by male Bali cattle are 2 - 2.5 years old with an initial weight of 200 kg. The rations used in the manufacture of complete feed are prepared with feed ingredients such as: natural grass, gliricida sepium, rice bran, corn flour, pollard bran. The variables measured in the study were blood glucose and blood urea of male Bali cattle. The method used is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) with the following treatment: T1: 27% Natural Grass + Gliricida sepium 10% + Corn Flour 34% + Pollard 15% + Rice Bran 14% T2: Natural Grass 27% + 20% Gliricida Sepium + 18% Corn Flour + 15% Pollard + 10% Rice Bran T3: 27% Natural Grass + 13% gliricida sepium + 20% Corn Flour + 15% Pollard + 7% Rice Bran The results of this study indicate that, the use of complete feed with different PK levels does not affect the glucose and urea levels of blood of Bali bulls (P> 0.05). Where the blood glucose level for each treatment is, T1: 92,392 ± 9,779, T2: 87,448 ± 7,905 T3: 93,717 ± 14,969 while the blood urea levels for each treatment are T1: 44,629 ± 5,663, T2: 45,473 ± 4,152, T3: 44,543 ± 8,343. Based on description of the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the provision of complete feed with PK level (11%, 13%, 15%) at 72% TDN has the same effect for all treatments and produces blood glucose and urea levels in the normal range.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil glukosa dan urea darah sapi bali jantan yang digemukkan dengan pakan komplit yang mengandung level protein kasar (PK) berbeda. Ternak yang digunakan berupa sapi bali jantan berumur 2 – 2,5 tahun dengan berat awal 200 kg. Ransum yang digunakan berupa ransum komplit yang disusun dengan bahan pakan yang terdiri dari: rumput alam, tepung gamal, dedak padi, jagung giling, bran pollard. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen menggunakan RAL dengan perlakuan sebagai berikut: T1: Tepung Rumput 27 % + Tepung Gamal 10 % + Jagung 34 % + Pollard 15 % + Dedak Padi 14 % T2: Tepung Rumput 27 % + Tepung Gamal 20 % + Jagung 18 % + Pollard 15 % + Dedak Padi 10 % T3: Tepung Rumput 27 % + Tepung Gamal 13 % + Jagung 20 % + Pollard 15 % + Dedak Padi 7 %. Variabel yang diukur meliputi kandungan glukosa darah dan urea darah ternak sapi bali jantan dengan waktu pengambilan 0 jam, 2 jam, 4 jam dan 6 jam setelah diberi makan. Data yang diperoleh ditabulasi kemudian dianalisis dengan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) sesuai prosedur rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) menggunakan SPSS versi 19.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, penggunaan pakan komplit dengan level PK yang berbeda tidak mempengaruhi kadar glukosa dan urea darah sapi bali jantan (P>0,05). Dimana kadar glukosa darah (mg/dL) setiap perlakuan adalah T1: 92,392 ± 9,779; T2: 87,448 ± 7,905; T3: 93,717 ± 14,969; Kadar urea darah (mg/dL) sapi bali jantan masing-masing perlakuan adalah T1: 44,629 ± 5,663; T2: 45,473 ± 4,152; T3: 44,543 ± 8,343. Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian pakan komplit dengan level PK (11%, 13%, 15%), dengan energi (TDN 72%) memberikan pengaruh yang sama untuk semua perlakuan dan menghasilkan kadar glukosa dan urea darah dalam kisaran normal